Taiwan :: essays research papers

Taiwan is an island located about 100 miles from China. Itwas originally part of China. But in 1949, the communistsseized Mainland China forcing the nationalists to draw toTaiwan. From then on, Taiwan is also known as FreeChina. The leaders of Republic of China, (Free China)hoped someday that the communists will be driven out ofChina. Therefore, they start to fabricate Taiwan as a militarybase for such purpose. However, their dreams were neveraccomplished, instead, their efforts turned Taiwan into aeconomic powerful country. This is also known as theTaiwan Miracle. There is another interesting informationabout Taiwans name. Despite Free China, Taiwan also hastwo other names, "Taiwan" (the one we weep it) and"Formosa". Lets talk about "Taiwan" first. "Taiwan" direction"terraced bay" to the mountain tribal people who originallylives in Taiwan. When the immigrants from China migratedto this island 3 hundreds years ago, they unplowed hearing th etribal people calling (the place where the Chinese landed)"Taiwan". Therefore, they assumed that the island is"Taiwan". Formosa, on the other hand, was called by thePortuguese sailors in the 1600s. It means "beautiful island".Therefore, on that point are still people referring Taiwan asFormosa when they try to beautify Taiwan today. Taiwan isa sub-tropical country that that is warm approximately of the year.The Tropic of Cancer passes through Taiwan in thesouthern part. Therefore, snow is unusual to most theTaiwanese here. But there are some places up in the highmountains that do get cold enough to snow. Because theland is hot and humid, it is the best for growing rice andother farm products. The farmers in north can grow twocrops of rice a year in the north and three crops a year inthe south. There are for the most part mountains in the north part ofTaiwan while plate farmland in the south. The disposalof the Republic of China has some similarities to thegovernment of the United States. The government is basedon a Constitution and there is a President and VicePresident. ROC has a National Assembly instead of aCongress and there are five branches of the government,legislative, executive, judicial, examination, and control.There are three major political parties and some otherlesser known ones. The best party that control many another(prenominal)resources of the country is the KMT, (Kuomintang), alsoknown as the Nationalists. The second best party is DPP,(Democratic Progressive Party). And New Party. Well,from here I have to tell you that I am a partisan of NewParty and I will interprete the three parties in MY WAY.Alright, let me give you detailed descriptions of the three

Religion and Prayer Must Not be Permitted in Public School Essay

Early American colonists anticipated a country full of freedoms and opportunities. As the new authorities was beginning to develop, the Founders took into consideration the restrictions placed on them and their fellow immigrants in their former home lands. One difficulty the colonists encountered back in Europe was the inability to entrust a desired religion or not to practice one at all. Since the newly formed country was made up of people from much(prenominal) than one religious background, the government had to come up with a way to accommodate all of its citizens. Understanding the countrys diversity, the writers of the Constitution of the United States of America included in the First Amendment the words, Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise therof . . . (Alley, 24). The two parts of the religious freedom resolution became known as the Free Exercise Clause, which allows for religious expression, a nd the Establishment Clause, which protects citizens from state-imposed religion. To ensure that the government could not interfere with religious establishments, the American government mandated a more precise interpretation of the religious clauses, which commonly became known as secularism, or complete separation of the church and the government. Secularism is the foundation underlying the issue of the role of solicitation in the public school system. Due to the Establishment Clause, which protects Americans from state imposed religion the role of prayer in the public schools is considered unco nstitutional. Supreme judicial system Justice Sandra Day OConnor professed, In my view, however, the principle underlying the Establishment Clause is that go... ...Buffalo, New York Prometheus Books, 1994. Barker, Dan. The Case Against School petition. Internet Infidels. Online. Internet. 21 October 2002. Available http//www.infidels.org/org/ffrf/issues/pray.html Farmer, R od. The School Prayer Issue. Education 104 (1984) 248-49. Gaffney, Edward McGlynn. A Church in Texas. Commonweal 124 (April 25, 1997) 9-10. OConnor, Sandra. Forward the Establishment Clause and Endorsement of Religion. Journal of Law and Religion 8 (1990) 1-4. Sikorski, Robert. Prayer in Public Schools and the Constitution 1961-1992. New York Garland Publishing Inc., 1993. Thomas, Oliver. Prayer and Speech. Finding Common Ground 12 (1996) 29 pars. Online. Internetr. 1 October 2002. Whitehead, John W. The Rights of Religious Persons in Public Education. Wheaton, Illinois Crossway Books, 1994 33,49-50.

Lifetime - Television for Women :: Televisaion Media TV

Lifetime - Television for Women Launched on February 1, 1984, Lifetime was created by the merger of Daytime and Cable wellness Network. Lifetime was crowned Television for women in 1994 and began an ambitious expansion of original programming and public service initiatives targeted to women. Lifetime is dedicated to providing contemporary, innovative entertainment and instruction on-air and online that is of particular interest to women.Lifetime shows its commitment to the expansion of women within troika main contributors, which are the Lifetime original movies, Lifetime television series, and Lifetime channels. These three categories bring out the point of the Lifetime network and shows exactly what Lifetime strives to achieve, women and making connections.Lifetime television shows feature women in many different aspects of habitual life and how women try to achieve success by overcoming the many obstacles put in their way in their fight to the top. Two of the top television sho ws on Lifetime include, Any day Now, which is about two women with two different lives trying to get through all of life hardships and are bonded by their astounding lifelong friendship. Another top show is Strong Medicine, which is about two women doctors with very different backgrounds and working styles who come together to take on the valet de chambre of medicine. These television show are perfect examples of the wonderful types of entertainment Lifetime has to offer.Lifetime movies are one of the many unique features of the network. Each month on that point is a original movie broadcast. All of the movies are stories of courage, triumph, and success. They give all viewers a look at reality and how women can rise higher up any challenge.There are two Lifetime channels besides the basic cable network. There is the Lifetime Movie Network and Lifetime square Women. The Lifetime Movie channel has movies from a womens perspective and distinctive point of view, movies for and abo ut women that connect with who they are and their experiences. The Lifetime Real Women channel is a place where honest, true-to-life stories important to women are told in a heartfelt meaningful way.Lifetime entertainment has proven to be phenomenally successful with severe ratings and high consumer demand. The networks commitment to its viewers has been recognized over and over again by leading womens groups and nonprofit organizations.

Niccolo Machiavelli :: essays research papers

Niccolo Machiavelli was born on May 3, 1469, in Florence, Italy. He eventually became a man who lived his life for politics and patriotism. Right now, however, he is associated with corrupt, totalitarian government. The reason for this is a small pamphlet he wrote called The Prince to gain influence with the ruling Medici family in Florence. The political genius of Niccolo Machiavelli was overshadowed by the reputation that was unfairly given to him because of a misunderstanding of his views on politics. Machiavellis life was very interesting. He lived a nondescript childhood in Florence, and his main political experience in his y turn outh was watching Savanarola from afar. Soon after Savanarola was executed, Machiavelli entered the Florentine government as a secretary. His position quickly rose, however, and was soon engaging in diplomatic missions. He met many of the important politicians of the day, such as the Pope and the King of France, but none had more impact on him than a prince of the Papal States, Cesare Borgia. Borgia was a cunning, unrelenting man, very much alike(p) the one portrayed in The Prince. Machiavelli did non truly like Borgias policies, but he thought that with a ruler like Borgia the Florentines could unite Italy, which was Machiavellis goal throughout his life. Unfortunately for Machiavelli, he was dismissed from office when the Medici came to rule Florence and the Republic was overthrown. The lack of a job forced him to switch to compose about politics instead of being active. His diplomatic missions were his last official government positions.When Machiavelli lost his office, he desperately wanted to return to politics. He well-tried to gain the favor of the Medici by writing a book of what he thought were the Medicis goals and dedicating it to them. And so The Prince was written for that purpose. Unfortunately, the Medici didnt agree with what the book said, so he was out of a job. But when the public saw the book, they were outraged. The people wondered how cruel a man could be to think evil thoughts like the ones in The Prince, and this would come stern to haunt him when he was alive and dead. However, if the people wanted to know what Machiavelli really stood for, they should have read his "Discourses on Livy", which explain his full political philosophy. But not enough people had and have, and so the legacy of The Prince continues to define Machiavelli to the general public.

Hieroglyphic Symbols Essays -- essays research papers fc

Hieroglyphic SymbolsOne of the many contributions that the Egyptian Empire gave advance(a) society was the beginning of a complex alphabetic system. This system also set the foundation for the development of many other systems used by us today such as an accurate calendar and the mathematical formulas used by architects and doctors. The Egyptians named this system Hieroglyphic Symbols. Hieroglyphic comes from the Greek hiero glyphica which means sacred mould. Hieroglyphics were the first form of written communication in the Western world. The developments of hieroglyphics happened about three thousand years before Christ. Egyptians referred to Hieroglyphics as the words of God. still how did the Egyptians develop such a system? Well, the Egyptian traders noticed how helpful a written language was while they conducted business in the Land of Sumer and they brought rough ideas to their land. The growing political science and bureaucracy made it necessary to have some sort of syste m that could help society to keep track of history and business. It took a lot of time and effort for the Egyptians to develop their own hieroglyphic system. One of the main problems with hieroglyphics was its complexity. The system was so complicated and hard to learn that only royalty, scribes, priests, and government officials were able to understand the system. Hieroglyphic symbols began with pictures. At first the symbols represented only objects, but later they were also used to express ideas and ...

Hieroglyphic Symbols Essays -- essays research papers fc

Hieroglyphic SymbolsOne of the many contributions that the Egyptian Empire gave modern society was the beginning of a complex alphabetic system. This system also set the foundation for the development of many other systems used by us today such as an accurate calendar and the numeric formulas used by architects and doctors. The Egyptians named this system Hieroglyphic Symbols. Hieroglyphic comes from the Greek hiero glyphica which means sacred carving. Hieroglyphics were the first form of written communication in the occidental world. The developments of hieroglyphs happened about three thousand years before Christ. Egyptians referred to Hieroglyphics as the words of God. But how did the Egyptians develop such a system? Well, the Egyptian traders observe how helpful a written language was while they conducted business in the Land of Sumer and they brought some ideas to their land. The growing government and bureaucracy made it necessary to go through some sort of system that co uld help society to keep track of history and business. It took a lot of time and effort for the Egyptians to develop their own hieroglyphic system. One of the main problems with hieroglyphics was its complexity. The system was so complicated and hard to learn that only royalty, scribes, priests, and government officials were able to understand the system. Hieroglyphic symbols began with pictures. At first the symbols delineated only objects, but later they were also used to express ideas and ...

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

CSC 1208 BASIC COMPUTING ASSIGNMENT 2 applied science is evolving from cadence to clock time. As time goes by, saucy engineering science has bugger off into place replacing the vul corporationised applied science. How eer, we recognize that without the previous engine room, it is impossible for the new generation to bang the improvement of the engineering we ask today. To appreciate the golden aged engineering science, discuss in your group well-nigh an elder technology right from the beginning until how their evolved and improved to the latest technology today in a anatomy of firmaments including in education, finance, g overnment, health c atomic number 18, science, publishing, travel, manufacturing, hospitality and media.Marking Scheme This assignment is 10% of coursework. Your assignment must include the following 1. ap channeliseee Cover Page 2. Assignment Marking Scheme 3. Assignment Question 4. T adequate of Content 5. List of Figures 6. List of Tcap able 7. Introduction Synopsis 8. Objectives 9. History 10. maturation 11. latest technology 12. Contri scarceion of the technology 13. Room for Improvement 14. Conclusion 15. References 16. Appendix Presentation slides . Table of Contents Ack right offledgementvi engineering science in Robotics found on dummy newsworthiness Perspective. 1. 1 Objectivesvii 1. Introduction to Robotics based on stilted Intelligenceviii . Introduction to Roboticsix 3. Introduction to soppy Intelligencex 4. History of zombieics. xii 5. History of unreal Intelligencexiii 6. History of golemics based on schmalzy intuitionxiv 7. Evolution in technology in zombiics. xvi 8. Evolution of Artificial Intelligencexvii 9. Latest engine room in Roboticsxix 10. Contribution of Robots to the homophile family. xx 11. Latest Technology in Artificial Intelligencexxi 12. Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology in Artificial Intelligencexxiii 13. Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligencexxv 1 4. Conclusionxxix 15.Appendixxxx * Ack presentlyledgement We would like to express our deepest gratitude to Mr. NorShahriel for his guidance and help in carrying out this project. We likewise wish to thank INTIs library, Tan Sri Abdul Majid for the resources that was used for this research. We would like to thank the creators of google, Larry Page and Sergey Brin for creating such a wonderful website and helping us save time from having to travel to the library. * Technology in Robotics based on Artificial Intelligence Perspective. 1. 1 Objectives * To understand the estimator science branch, Artificial intelligence To appreciate the benefits of Artificial Intelligence in Robotics. * To be aw ar of the growth of Artificial Intelligence in Robotics. * To remark updated with the development in the technology in Robotics. * To learn how humans view on golems hire changed according to different times. * To bring attention to the contribution of artifici bothy sound robots in the h uman society. * To understand how Artificial Intelligence came about. Introduction to Robotics based on Artificial Intelligence In robotics, you can n incessantly deny that artificial intelligence is the most exciting field you can find.Despite that, it has it controversial moments as well because as we exclusively ac experience robot can do work as it has been programmed, but can it ever be as intelligent as a human? This question lingers in the mind of researchers and to resolve this particular statement, it go forth in spades take a long time. thitherfore, lot should put it aside and last out to improve robots for the sake of a break a track future. As every unmatchable is aw atomic number 18, robots can only absorb a reliable amount of knowledge compared to humans but what humans dont flummox is a guaranteed error free day.Robots can be programmed to not dupe the same mistakes that humans unceasingly do. But then again, take down if humans are smarter, it is hard to a void received habits which carry to repeated mistakes over and over again. To larn the ability of robots, recently in Japan, researchers gestate taught robots how to dance. Dancing used to be a skill only a human was able to do, but now even robots are able to do it. This shows how technology has improved finished the stratums. Robots are able to help in the education field too, as robots can now act amicablely with humans.Since the mans population has limited working educationist/t all(prenominal)ers/lectures in this modern world, robots would shamble a undischarged addition to the educational field. Although this capability take a few to a greater extent age to make it perfect, the base is already in progress now, and as time passes by, robots will get hold of even better. Robots are excessively key in the manufacturing sector as quantity is important when it comes to gain in profit. A robot can work 24 hours in a day without backtrackping and this makes every occ asion move faster and in that locationfore extends re round.Fewer work forces will be used and therefore it will not be time consuming any often. But the presences of humans are still necessary in the manufacturing sector to obtain a lidless eye on these robots to make sure that it is error free. In the future, robots will continue to evolve in line with artificial intelligence itself and will benefit the society in so some(prenominal) ways. There will be a time when people go to a super tolleret maven day, and see it all operated by robots and not a single human in sight except for the manager in charge.This will be an amazing sight to see but it inescapably a lot of planning and work. Researchers are currently working on both of these elements to create and modify what people have now into something great. One day, yes. Introduction to Robotics As a generation very dependent on technology, robots have certainly played a major role in the modern day society. Over the year s, the definition of robots has varied from person to person. Many whitethorn perceive them to be androids, human-like dolls made out of metal with computerized brain that has been instructed to heed everything a human says.Others might identify robots as a device, programmed to do divers(a) tasks in places such as factories where human abilities are inadequate and advertize cost are high. In anyway, robots have been created and genuine to make peoples work easier and their lives more(prenominal) well-off. Robots for many years have been a subject of interest for many sci-fi movies, books and animations while alike being one of the most challenging fields in science where scientist have struggled to create the most human-like mechanical doll movies and cartoons have portrayed robots to be. Cool Japan, one of the programs belonging to the Japanese news channel, NHK world recently discussed on the view of robots around the world and it was proven that the westward side of the world viewed humanoid robots negatively and didnt encourage the creation of the robots that are able to feel and infer like a man, as they have been stereotyped by books and movies that to be animateness threatening that could cause the human race to be enslaved by them.Meanwhile, the Eastern side of the world (countries such as Japan, Korea, China, etc. viewed robots in more open minded ways and actually promoted building robots that can act and think like a human. Scientists have still barely to create the a perfect robot that can act and respond to any actions or words out of their programmed instructions but as technology develops in a rapid speed, it might not be long before the robot who can feel and think like humans might be invented. Introduction to Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence is a branch of Science that is embedding human characteristics into the instrumentries by per make uping simple tasks by fixing specifically programmed rules. Its also commonly known to be information processing placement Science but however it branches out to many more fields such as Mathematics, Psychology, biota and Philosophy. The fundamental point of Artificial Intelligence is that every programmed set of rules is expressed as an algorithm. Theres no denying that computers are able to process logical system but the ability if a machine can think remains unknown to scientist and researchers.Figure 1 The 4 plan of attackes of Artificial Intelligence Figure 1 The four approaches of Artificial Intelligence As you can see in Figure 1 It shows Four Approaches of Artificial Intelligence. We can then divide the approaches into human center approach and rationalist approach. The number one human centered approach would be The Cognitive Modeling Approach where machines are able to think humanly. Basically, this approach relies more on Human Psychology. We would have to analyze how the mind works so then it would be implement and express the theory as a computer program into the machine.If the computer program is able to match the timing and human behaviors then it would be possible to program machines like the operations that are already in humans. Then you have the first rationalist approach of Laws of Thought which is when machines are able to think rationally. Aristotle, the Greek philosopher was the first to attempt to straighten out right thinking. He basically provided the given argument structures which will always generate the correct conclusions given that it is in right environment.The laws that he put out for the future, became the operation of the mind which then was categorized as logic. With this as their basis, it allows Logicians to build programs within Artificial Intelligence to create intelligent systems in the future. The encourage human centered approach is the Turing Test approach when computers are able to act humanly when given a set of questions that were prepared by a human. In order for the computer to pass the test it would have to fulfill these criteria To enable the computer/machine to communicate success honorabley in English * To parentage what the computer/machine what it knows or hears * To use stored information to answer questions and to draw new conclusions * To adapt to new circumstances and to detect and conclude patterns Lastly, you would have the turn rationalist approach which is the Rational element approach where machines are able to act rationally. An agent is something that acts and computer agents have attributes that differentiate them from the other typical programs.A Computer Agent is able to operate by observing their environment, persistence, adapting to change and capable to take on another goal like humans do. Rational Agent is when it acts to achieve the outmatch outcome even when the situation is vague it is still able to give the best expected outcome. History of robotics. The primal reboot for Robots was Automaton and was very different fr om modern day robots. They were merely mechanical (often made out of wood), operating in a limited amount of steps. They were in the first place created as toys.However, the origin of robots can be dated all the way back the early civilizations and even in myths and legends. The earliest c erstwhilept of Automaton save in chronicle was in 400 B. C when Archytas of Tarentum, a Greek mathematician (also the inventor of screws and pulley) strengthened a mechanical skirt of which he called, The Pigeon, This mechanical bird is also believed to serve as one of the first models for modern airplanes. In the period when building robots was believed to be impossible cod to lack of resources and limited knowledge, respective(a) individuals had their own description/ idea of how a robot should be.They all had different var.s but the basic concept was a piece of man-made doll built to serve mankind. The famous artist, Leonardo DaVinci himself had drawn a design consisting of what resembl ed an armored knight from the medieval times. During the time when computer was yet to be invented, the earlier form of robots came with the use of simple Physics principles consisting of few processes that were repeated throughout and none of them had a brain like todays robots. Such forms include the flute glass player which played 12 different songs, invented by a French Inventor, Jacques de Vaucanson in 1738.The 19th century was the peak for most robot creations. The term robot was first coined by a Czech author, Karel Capek in 1921, where it was introduced in his play, R. U. R (Rossuums Universal Robots). The first invention of modern robots only arrived in the early 1950s by George Charles Devor, who invented the first industrial robots (machine arms used in factories). Robots enjoyed their popularity in the 1970s mainly due to the Hollywood movie, Star Wars by George Lucas where the blue was set in a future where human beings lived together with robots.The movie allowed pe ople to visualize themselves in the far future and therefore its fame was celebrated wide all over the world. History of Artificial Intelligence The first time that Artificial Intelligence was coined in 1956 by canful McCarthy in the Dartmouth Conference. He is one of the founders of AI research and he defined the field by get a computer to do things when make by people, are said to motivation intelligence. However, in 1950 it was Alan Turing that introduced the Turing Test which is machine learning, genetic algorithms and reinforcement learning.This discovery was not categorized as Artificial Intelligence but Turing was articulate in his 1950 article Computing Machinery and Intelligence which became the step before Artificial Intelligence was recognized by John McCarthy in 1956. The Dartmouth Conference was a stepping stone as it expanded due to a range of theories and principles by dedicated researchers. The first computer was built back in 1941 but it was not until 1950s th at scientists realized that the link between human intelligence and machines werent too farfetched.The concept of Artificial Intelligence was a slow on-going process as it took nearly a decade for scientists and researchers to re-examine the ideas that were formed in the Dartmouth Conference. Nevertheless, it introduced all the major figures of Artificial Intelligence to each other. Evidently, for the next 20 years Artificial Intelligence was predominate by lecturers, students, and colleagues at MIT, CMU, Stanford and IBM. aft(prenominal) the Dartmouth Conference, twain researchers from Carnegie Tech Newell and Simon developed the Logic Theorist. In the eyes of other researchers and scientists it was an overoptimistic vision from the two scientists.Logic Theorist was a theory that was based on Even though it was a breakthrough for the newly found Artificial Intelligence branch it led them to a bigger success which was the General Problem Solver. The two researchers Newell and Sim on redeemed themselves with their creation of the GPS. It is a computer program that imitates the way humans solve problems. History of robotics based on artificial intelligence Robotics is one of the sub divisions in artificial intelligence and as you might not know, it unimpeachably has a rich history behind it. As we all know, history is very important when it comes to understanding a certain military issue.We might know a certain something based on what it is now, but what we usually do not know is where it all started. History is something that will enrich your mind about a certain something and will emphatically be a helping factor in understanding certain topics. Since, robotics has a really long and wide history, understanding and doing research about it needs a proper timeline to help us lay aside track of the progressions of it. In 1932, the first real robot was made in Japan. This specific robot was called Lilliput. It was near merely 15 cm tall and was made out of t inplate.The Japanese had made a big step in innovation and they have been evolving ever since. In 1950, the great Alan Turing proposed a test to realise a fact that stated if a machine had the power to think for itself. In order to determine if the machine could pass the test, it was required to be indistinguishable from a human during conversation. This test was take ind the Turing test. During the year 1954, the first robot arm was invented by George Devol and John Engleberger. This creation became the first robot to acquit general and tasks including multitasking on a factory assembly line in the caller-up General Motors.In 1957, Sputnik was launched by the Soviet Union and was called the first artificial orbiting satellite. This marks the beginning of the space race between them and the American people. In 1964, the first computer started to mass produced by IBM 360. The computers we are using today are all based on this particular computer by IBM. In 1969, the United States finally made themselves on to the moon. exploitation the latest technology of space and robotics, they sent Neil Armstrong onto the moon. The famous R2D2 from the movie Star Wars is now famous among all of us as the talking robot could interact with humans and also answer certain tasks.In 1986 Honda launched the making of a walking humanoid robot. found on the images describe in movies, Honda wanted to build a similar object which was real. Although it was tough, Honda tried their best. Also in the same year, LEGO started producing educational products that was done to contribute to younger generation to give them a clearer picture of how robots were like. Until today, we can see LEGO products still on shelves at supermarkets and toy stores. From the small picture of robot, to the real thing, it shows that it all started from an idea to a real one. In 1994, the University of Carnegie invented an eight-legged walking robot.This salient robot was used for a historic exploitation in robotics. This robot was used to collect volcanic gas samples from Mt spur. The name of this robot was Dante II. After the successful project, it proved that humans were able to build a robot that was heat-resistant. This was important because humans managed to achieve an incredible feat because robots could now be used to go to places that even humans will have a hard time going. On May 11 1997, a world was swindle champion was defeated at this own game by an IBM built computer which was called Deep Blue.This achievement was amazing due to the fact that now a machine built by humans could now challenge a complicated human mind. In the same year, Lego launched the first Robotics invention system that used small components that are also educational for kids. This small model was key to the development of robots because humans could experiment future creations. In 1999, Sony released the first version of AIBO which was robotic dog which had the ability to entertain, learn and als o communicate with its owner. This invention was a hit in the market and SONY made plenty of profit from t and production was continued with newer and more sophisticated models. The main target market for this product was for children, many of them were amazed by the abilities of this robotic dog, and all of this was made possible by the evolution of robotics itself. In the millennium of 2000, Honda made an improved version of its creation by introducing the robot ASIMO which was a new generation of humanoid robots. Honda which is a car company took a find of venturing out of their field to robotics and all of it paid off when the robot made an incredible display at many international technology exhibitions worldwide.In 2008, robotics made a grand entrance into the household department by the introduction of the Roomba robotic vacuum which has since sold over 2. 5 million units worldwide. A enormous demand was set for this robotic mechanism and is still being produced until today. Lastly, by the timeline explained above, we get to see how robotics has vastly improved in the field of artificial intelligence. It was also ripe from the olden times until the new era of today. Without the inventions and ideas that were given by inventors of the past, robotics has since developed into a field that humans need in their daily lives.Status is temporary, history is permanent. Evolution in technology in robotics. The birth of robots were mainly celebrated in the West but as time passed, the East had done more for the development and growth in technologies in the robotic field of which Japan is one of the leading countries, contributing to positive opinions among the public regarding humanoid robots. For a form of entertainment for the aristocrats in the 18th century to helping considers in the 19th century, robots have almost taken over job sectors where accurate thinking and high workforce is needed.From Mechanical automatons made partially out of wood that were m erely invented to awe the public, technology in robots have been developed to act autonomously, which means a robot can do a task without the presence of a human. The field of artificial intelligence has given life to modern day robots. Hundred years back, it would have been controversial for a robot to replace a mans job but robots have been slowly implemented into the contemporary society over the years that it has become a norm to find a factory once filled with people, now with just the presence of the repetitive mat sound of machines.Evolution of Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence as it is today, had taken a lot of improvements and is still improving. completely of this was made possible by the evolution of it. Evolution plays an important role in anything. Without evolution a new technology could not be vastly improved. To start if off, in 1941 the first electronic computer was named Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) and was introduced to the world. At this time ar tificial intelligence was not fully recognized yet but this was where it all started. In 1949, the first computer stored program was created. This program was also made commercial.BINAC was a big success because it made a big leap for technology as a whole. In ran a test program which consisted of 23 instructions. Although, it did not have full working functionality, it was still considered the first commercial stored program. In 1956, the Dartmouth conference was held in Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. This was where artificial intelligence was born. This particular conference gave scientists and idea of the benefits of artificial intelligence to humans around the world. Furthermore, this conference did set some critical goals to be achieved in the future. In 1958, the list-processing language language was invented.This is a programming language which was created to develop a clear list of programming language. In addition to that, lisp machines were specially designed to run l isp programs. Without the creation of these machines, the lisp language could not used to its fullest potential. Today, lisp language still dominates the artificial intelligence class and is still widely used around the world. In 1963, DOD started their advanced research projects. Now, DOD is called DARPA which stands for Defense Advanced Research Project Agency was created later on the launch of SPUTNIK 1 which was the first artificial satellite to be placed in orbit.This agency first grantt solely on space-related projects. When all the agendas were taken over by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, they were almost closed down. But that did not prevent them from continuing their verge into the depths of artificial intelligence they started to conduct research into stealth technology and continuously branched out step by step. Without this particular agency, research into Artificial Intelligence would have halt long ago. This agency played a big role into the evo lution of artificial intelligence as a whole unit.In 1968, the first Micro world Program was invented. This program was named SHRDLU. This program was created to improve the evolving nature of artificial intelligence. Usually, normal scientist will tend to ignore less relevant details. They want to concentrate more on the important details. In artificial intelligence, this could not be done due to the delicate and in-depth nature of it. With this program, artificial intelligence could ensure that programs were capable of intelligent behavior in such a way that simpler forms of the artificial world can be accessed to micro worlds.In 1970 the first expert system was developed. This system was developed by Edward Feigenbaum and Joshua Ledeberg from the University of Stanford in California. Basically, this program was invented to overcome manpower. This program is able to do tasks that regularly need human expertise to complete. With this creation, manpower was reduced significantly. I n the year 1972, Prolog Language was revealed. This programming language became a serious competitor to LISP which was widely used before. Until today, these two programming languages are still competing with each other until present.The new significant difference that Prolog Language brought to the world was its ability to make us give emphasis on logical dealings between object and entities that are relevant to a certain problem rather than taking procedural steps to deal with it. This gave people a option of which programming language they preferred. In the year 1986, a total of 425 million U. S dollars was earned from the sales of artificial intelligence based software. During this time artificial intelligence proved that it had an actual stronghold area in the market which was demanded by the world.In 1991, the Artificial Intelligence system was put to test in a military test system which was called Desert Storm. This was an effective evolution in artificial intelligence. Art ificial Intelligence system was used in rocket systems by the military and also other military advancements. In addition to that, Apple Macintosh and IBM started to use voice recognition systems that make computers more user-friendly. daylight by day the demand for the Artificial Intelligence technology has risen more and more day by day.New advancements and technologies have started to become available to us. Artificial Intelligence has become inevitable for us not to use on a daily basis. In the future, the evolution of artificial intelligence will continue to prosper with time. If evolution violates, things will stay stagnant as it is and we would stop improving. Latest Technology in Robotics In recent years, theres this ideology that Robots could replace valet de chambre in the Future. It is a debatable subject in Robotics that due to the constant evolution of technology is making it easier for robots to replace Humans.However, theres still time for scientists to realize the full potential of Robotics with help from technology. This statement might be proven right as theres already known robots that are able to execute tasks by thinking analytically by using the set of algorithms and rules that are already built into the robots in order to think like a human. Robots are the most commonly known examples of Artificial Intelligence and scientists are being more and more innovative by creating more sophisticated and user friendly robots to society.Robots are applicable to any kind of field its already used in Health interest, Entertainment, Business, Communication and Psychology. So far, no machine is able to pass the Turing Test but there are a few machines that made a mark in Artificial Intelligence History. Watson IBMs supercomputer that was able to defeat two human beings at the trivia game show Jeopardy. Not only that, this supercomputer managed to consume the reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov. Theres still room for improvement but so far Robotics is just able to perform only a fraction of what human is able to do.The latest technology is ECCEROBOT 2 (Embodied Cognition in a Compliantly Engineered Robot). Its basically the first robot to mimic human form with not just the outward form of a human but it also copies the inner structures such as bones, joints, muscles, etc. With this new found breakthrough, researchers are still investigating its human like actions and interactions which has potential and should be built upon for the mere future. The Humanoid robots are finally getting recognition in society and are gaining support from all sci-fi geeks all over the world.Contribution of Robots to the human society. In this modern era, where it has become easier for humans to lose social skills and the ability to take care of others, artificially intelligent robots have taken their place in society doing the jobs that originally belonged to human. As peoples stipulation to take care of their elderly has dissipated in most developed society where individuality mindset have been encouraged, technologies in the robotics fields like breast feeding robots have filled in the places of nurses and care takers.Robots have not only been created to help the elderly and disabled but has been invented in order to keep children pre-occupied and diverted as the once male-dominated society slowly adapts to the emancipation of woman and the balance in the gender equality. Robots have filled in both the roles of younger pity generation and the elderly watchful eyes. Autonomous robots have been sent as far to space as well where human beings cannot survive due to the specification of it. They have brought back the evidences of outer space, travelling further than human beings and feeding nswers to curious minds. Mankind has created robots in order to serve them but as years have passed, these artificially intelligence machines have surpassed their own masters. Latest Technology in Artificial Intelligence Techno logy in artificial intelligence has never stopped developing since we stepped into the millennium due the abundance of technology that is found day by day. With that, latest technology in this field is an important thing to highlight due to the fact that it continues to amaze us by the things artificial intelligence can manage to do.First of all, recently in 2011, an artist and composer by the name of Benjamin Grosser invented an interactive robotic painting machine. This was done after he decided to explore the realms of artificial intelligence and art. Basically, what the robot could do was it could listen to itself with the microphones placed into the machine. After listening to itself, it would paint out an image based on what it interprets after listening to the sounds. Two trays of paint would be placed in between a piece of canvas, and a mechanical arm will perform the painting.Although this technology could not be classified as pass or a drop dead, it depends on different p eople. Some would like the fact that a robot can paint, and some would just prefer the old fashioned way. Furthermore, the invention of the SOINN robot by the Japanese has managed to impress us. SOINN which stands for Self Organizing Incremental Neural Network is a revolutionary robot which is able to perform tasks that are related to exploring a new situation and learning how to do it. For example, the robot is able to learn how to pour piss into a glass and make it cold by placing ice cubes into the glass.After that, it gives the water to a person. Before the robot starts the task, it tries to acclimatize itself to what is located around it. With this, it performs it tasks better. tho, what amazes us even more is when the robot has both of its hands full because it has to decide which detail to put down in order to pick up another one. What the researches in Japan have done is create a robot with no specific list of pre-created commands that it has to follow. Therefore the robo t is able to think by itself and decide what to do in any given situation.The SOINN robot can also colligate itself to the internet and also other robots to help gather information from the web. The researches have provided the robot with power to gain knowledge for it in order to complete any given task that is assigned to it without fail. What we gain for this is a generation of robots that are independent enough to think for itself and complete human related tasks that may seem impossible to complete before the invention of this prime piece of technology. As the research goes on, a new found technology by Toyota has been able to attract many people around the world.Toyota has been able to create a prototype of a smart car which is fitted with voice recognition and also able to detect human motion. This smart car was inspired by video games and mainly the XBOX360. The reason behind this is mainly due to the kinect technology that has been introduced by Microsoft into its game pla tform. What kinect does is basically detecting human motion and good turn it into a physical action that a human was supposed to perform. But now, with this technology, all a human has to do is just ensure that the machines understand the motions that are made.For example, when a person is walking towards the car, this prototype is able to detect it and will open the car door. All of this was inspired by the revolution of video gaming consoles. This prototype car will be power by a 100 volt AC voltage and is expecting to have many more features. Although this car is still at prototype level, it will take a few more years to make it into reality. With time, more improvements can be made to ensure the car is suitable for everyone in the world. In the health care industry, artificial intelligence has combined with biochemical understanding to help those in needs.For example, recently it was Memorial Day for soldiers in the United States who have served in Iraq. And for one lucky soldi er, Lt. Col. Greg Ganson, his dreams of walking again came to life when he was gifted a pair of prosthetic legs. These pair of prosthetic legs is called Power Knee2 which will enable amputees the walk again with more safety and government agency combined together. This is no ordinary prosthetic leg because this one users the combination of artificial intelligence and sensors to make the walking process a better one.Furthermore what the inventors did was connect the prosthetic leg via sensors using Bluetooth to a laptop. This was done during the process of walking to make some required adjustments to the legs to ensure comfort. It is also fully customizable and differs from person to person. Moreover it gives everyone a better chance of achieving what they can get out of real legs. So far, this new invention has made some improvement based on the early 2006 model which was called power knee. This new model is able to adapt to situations such as if a person wants to sit down, climb a make it of stairs or even lie down.The inbuilt sensor will detect these situations and adjust the stiffness of the prosthetic legs. All in all, the latest technology in artificial intelligence has surpassed a lot of expectations and will definitely have the capability to expand even more with the sands of time. Regardless in any field, artificial intelligence benefited. Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology in Artificial Intelligence Technology in Artificial Intelligence is quite a controversial topic the societys opinions are quite divided but they cannot stop the Future of Technology as it is constantly evolving.The pros and cons are quite straight forward. Based on several articles, there are several advantages that was constantly brought up * Evolving Relationship of Humans with Computation * Increases Job opportunities * Machines complete the task faster than a human The first point to be discussed would be the Evolving Relationship of Humans with Computation. The newer and older generation is welcoming this new era of Modern Technology being used in Artificial Intelligence. Its at the societys dispense it will be there whenever users wants to use it.The import point will be the increased job opportunities for humans to be more specialized in a specific field in order to be more innovative in building new and improved versions of Artificial Intelligence theories. The last and final point will be about technology constantly evolving. This would then increase the level of Artificial Intelligence which will make it even harder for humans to execute the tasks. Which means that it doesnt require much resources as the machine has the best outcomes possible built into the program.This becomes less time consuming as it requires less time for the machine to gather information and resources in comparison if a human was handed this task. This is when Artificial Intelligence is at its advantage they are emotionless, more efficient and lightens the burden o n the human when it comes to doing unplayful or far too complex problems. Along with the pros, there will always be cons that go along with it. There are several disadvantages of Technology in Artificial Intelligence that is not really supported by the intelligent educated people that dare question the theories of Artificial Intelligence in Technology in general.These are the several disadvantages that was brought up * Human Feel * Misuse of this technology * Ability to replace a human job The first disadvantage will be the human feel robots inability to feel the emotional understanding for humans. This will cause the machines lacking in the ability to realise with the human situation and this would cause them to act irrationally as a consequence. Its beyond the companys responsible for the robots which results to no-one getting the blame for the machines faults. The second disadvantage will be the misuse of this technology.Countries are always prepared for war, so with countrie s in the race of getting the best defense systems if this technology gets into the wrong hands it can inevitably cause mass damage. Artificial Intelligence is also getting incorporated into military tuition getting autonomous robot troop to get sent first before the human troops. For example, in the US they are already testing on this theory which cost them almost twenty five million dollars for just a test run. Its quite a huge risk to take if the technology arent able to support the specific needs to minimize damage on the humans.Also, with technology evolving people are able to hack the system of these robotic troops which can backfire the source control. The third and last disadvantage is that with technology constantly evolving humans are feeling threatened in fear of losing their jobs. Technology has different branches of Artificial Intelligence and robotics has played a major role in this new era of Technology taking over society. This would then lead to mass unemploymen t in the future if the future of Technology in Artificial Intelligence is progressing forward. Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial IntelligenceIn everything single that you do in this world, no matter in what field, there will always be advantages and disadvantages. Its how they co-relate with each other in everything that we do. In artificial intelligence, different people have different views about it and because of that this research aims to see what those advantages and disadvantages are and how they relate with us. First of all we will talk about the disadvantages of artificial intelligence to give us a better picture of the openhanded side to this technology phenomenon. The first one is over dependency.When we feel too reliable towards something, we forget that those machines were made by humans. Therefore, machines are not perfect in every sense and can malfunction and any given point or time. If we are too reliable on them and they fail on us, we will be stuck at a p oint without any solutions to deal with the situation at hand. We always need to have some fork of backup plan to ensure that if the machines fail, we can overcome the situation straight away and not make any losses or any sorts. The second disadvantage is the lack of human feel. We humans always have a certain touch towards something and of course we have emotions as well.For machines, they dont have the emotional values to relate with us humans therefore some decisions made could be fatal to us. The more we try to eliminate the number of manpower in our industries we lack the human feel day by day. It might be good at a point of time or even fatal at another point of time. To stick on the safe side, we should keep the human feel present at all times to keep rationality present in what we do. Besides that, some people think that artificial intelligence is unethical in a way. To us, we believe intelligence is a gift from god and should be valued not cloned into something.This form of so called playing god is not fancied by many. On the other hand we can look at this in different ways. Some people might want to keep their intelligence to themselves but others might want to allot it to the world in different forms. With this, everything goes both ways because if our intelligence is captured by the wrong people, misuse of it can lead to unwanted events. On the other hand, if we keep our knowledge to ourselves, the world will not expand in such a way because if we share it with many, more theories and more development will be present and therefore expand the network on artificial intelligence.This is definitely crucial at this era. If machines are able to do all our jobs, we will definitely lose our jobs at the hands of those machines. When everything task is done by machines, the human workforce will definitely have a significant decline. The ones most unnatural will be the ones at the lower levels of management. The higher ones will act as supervisors and wit h a click of button, machines can be controlled. With many people not having jobs, the crime rate will definitely go up and people will end up committing suicide just to ease their pain.Although machines are able to perform our daily tasks, we still need a workforce to operate them and ensure that everything is running smoothly. If the machines malfunction and there is no workforce, more money will be spent in fixing the machines rather than the salary of every single person working. Having a machine do something will definitely be less time consuming, but having a person operating it and making sure that it is running at full efficiency is something that will benefit us.Furthermore, if machines keep on doing everything for us, the new generation will be born and labeled as a lazy bunch. The new generation will not know what doing work feels like because machines are doing everything for them. This will also lead to health issues such as obesity. More and more people will be staying at home instead of going out to work. This health issue poses a serious health risk for every country in the world. More and more people will be unhealthy and soon many problems will occur in this world.We should move forward with time and technology but sometimes we just have to think of the consequences before doing a certain thing to ensure both time and consequence are well taken care of in every aspect possible. All these disadvantages stated should be always lingering in our minds so that we remember what will happen if we fail to deal with it. Although the disadvantages of artificial intelligence sounds good-for-nothing in a way, but there is always some good in it. Listing the disadvantages first opened us up to the possible drear effects of artificial intelligence.In the following page I will continue on discussing the advantages of artificial intelligence. When both of this combines, you will get to see a brighter picture on what artificial intelligence really mean to u s. Seeing the disadvantages only might give us a bad impression straight away but when we the see the following advantages I will change our mind on our lives of artificial intelligence. To say it is a bad thing, we would jump to conclusions because we our ourselves are the ones who created artificial intelligence and for us not to see the good part it would be a waste to humanity.We only live once and we must make the most of it every single time. The first advantage of artificial intelligence is dealing with the jobs that require human intelligence. Humans are complex organisms with a huge amount of capabilities. For a machine to clone the human brain is amazing and can be considered a good technology innovation. If machines are able to cope with jobs that are supposed to be done by humans, we will be more productive as now we have two brains working as one. With that, it expands the human knowledge in such a way to keep improving time.Before the invention of these things, humans will have to risk their lives during things that seemed very hard to get done. Now, with machines being able to take over their place, it will be a safer method for humans to get work done and no lives have to be risked in the line of work. Safety is one of the main factors of job application in the working world. When people see that a job that used to be risky now has a new method to reduce it, more people would be interested in connector the workforce and thus eliminates the rater of poverty and also homeless people.With more jobs offered, a country will prosper more in the economic sector due to more people working and will contribute in giving the company more help in combination with the machines. Secondly, machines do not stop and get tired. Machines are strictly powered by electric sources and therefore will keep on going no matter what are the odds. Humans on the other hand get tired and have certain hours of work therefore they can only work for certain period of time. Fo r example, if a company is producing cigarettes and needs to have more production done day by day.If this needs to be done, humans can only do it to a certain extent because they need breaks and need to go home. If machines are there to continue the work left off during the night, by the next day manifold the production will be present. When machines are at work humans can rest and this makes everyone happier in such a way. Artificial intelligence also reduces the risk of anyone getting sick with illness. If a person has to work overtime and is always at the office, the risk of that person getting ill with be high.And what was just pointed out was only for one person, what if it was a whole group of people? More and more people will be affected by this and increase the health risk posed. When machines are there, humans will not have to push to limit in everything they do, machines can do it for them and this will save all the hassle of getting ill and having to be admitted to hospi tal. If this is eliminated, everyone will be living healthy and happy at the same time due the good kind between man and machine. Next, artificial intelligence has lead to serve as aids. Mainly it has contributed as health aids.People with disabilities now have a place to turn to and technology to help them get through life which is already tough at hand. Nowadays, more and more health related problems are thrown to us with a big bang without a certain solution. With the help of artificial intelligence and research, now medical treatment for these diseases and even machines have been created to help us get through these tough times. Now not only adults have health problems or disabilities, children are now climbing up the list of people with health problems. The death rate will definitely go down with these new inventions as we all have something that may help us n a way to cure the pain and the sickness. If we manage to overcome all these health problems with the help of technolog y, the world would turn into a happier place and not a place which leads us to endure suffering instead of happiness in our lives. Lastly, the power that artificial intelligence holds is limitless in such a way that it has the power to do everything that is thinkable and not thinkable. Humans tend to make errors and by us knowing this fact, we are able to program a certain machine to ensure that the machine does not make the same mistakes.By doing this less mistakes will be made and everything will run smoothly as planned. or else than us learning from our mistakes, we should program it to a computer because a computer does not make any mistakes. We would then expand the boundaries of everything on this earth because if we stop moving forward we will stop the flow of technology as a whole and thus stop improving on what we have now. At the end of the day, all we can do is look at the future and ensure that we have now will get better in time.We definitely are not able to predict th e future and the challenges we are going to face but what we can do is take good care of the resources in technology that we have now and nurture and improve them day by day until we reach the future. All we can do is hope for the best and that everything we have now will be relevant in the upcoming years of our lives. We should ensure that the advantages of artificial intelligence do not turn into disadvantages and the disadvantages should be always remembered and not turn into something far more worst.We strongly believe that artificial intelligence has gave us and is going to give us more good than bad because it was invented by humans for a reason and the main reason is to help other humans. If it was bad, we could have seen far worst consequences. Even though I think of it as a good thing, we should always remember not to let it fall in the wrong hands with crazy minds to protect this world. Conclusion As the world becomes very advanced in technology, it has been hard to keep u p with the ever-so growing advancement into the computerized world. The robotic technology has benefited the human kind greatly in various ways.However, as people lose their heads in this advanced society, they have failed to realize that robots are a helping hand and a guide, not a replacement. There are fields robot cannot fill in the position for a human but as robots become more intelligent, people find themselves turning lazier. Half of the population in the developed world has become dependent on robot personals and misuses robots by over-using them. Robots have made peoples lives comfortable and safer. However, at the same time they have caused the worlds employment rate to plummet and some jobs to extinct.As the popular belief goes If you suffer now, you will enjoy later- if you enjoy now, you will suffer later, this is a very true saying that shows that in order to achieve happiness, people have to go through hardship but however, if we are lazy and dont go through any hard ship, there will be a time we redress the price for it which here could be set as an example for a sluggish human being relying on robots to do everything. For people who encourage the full implementation of robots with artificial intelligence into the working sector, they have failed to see beyond their own comfort and at other peoples situation.If the society was one day supposed to be run by robots, then there wouldnt be any need for human kinds. Therefore, although there is the resource and the knowledge to create robots, while appreciating the tasks they have done for us, we also have to realize our limits and set a bar to how dependant on robots do we really want to be? Appendix Anonymous, No Date, Automata, mechanical toys, http//www. mechanical-toys. com/History%20page. htm, Accessed time 7/11/2012 Anonymous,1998, Robotics A brief history, http//www-cs-faculty. stanford. edu/eroberts/courses/soco/projects/1998-99/robotics/history. tml, Accessed time 6/11/2012 Bambi Turner, 2012, 10 Ways Artificial Intelligence Will Affect Our Lives, http//dsc. discovery. com/tv-shows/curiosity/topics/ways-artificial-intelligence-will-affect-our-lives. htm, Accessed time 7/11/2012 Dr. E, 2011, Advantages and Disadvantages for Artificial Intelligence, http//www. infobarrel. com/Advantages_and_Disadvantages_for_Artificial_Intelligence_The_Pros_and_Cons_of_AI, Accessed time 8/11/2012 Hans Moravec, 2009, Rise of the Robots- The future of Artificial Intelligence, http//www. scientificamerican. com/article. cfm? d=rise-of-the-robots, Accessed time 7/11/2012 Ian Paul, 2011, Tech of the Future, Today Breakthroughs in artificial intelligence, http//www. pcworld. com/article/220685/tech_of_the_future_today_breakthroughs_in_artificial_intelligence. html, Accessed time 9/11/2012 James Isom, , 2005, Brief history on robots http//robotics. megagiant. com/history. html Accessed time 5/11/2012 Marcus du Sautoy, 2012, AI robot how machine intelligence is evolving, http//www. guardian. co. uk/technology/2012/apr/01/ai-artificial-intelligence-robots-sautoy, Accessed time 5/11/2012

Kite Runner Essay Essay

Khaled Hosseinis kite runner has many themes that ar significant. This go for also has themes that are hidden to the reader, to find these themes the reader ask to approximate ab bug out the events that occur in the book. In this book redemption, variety, and violence play a big role in the events in this book. Redemption is nonpareil of the most strategic themes in the kite runner. Throughout the reputation, ameer is trying to redeem himself because of many events that he was a part of. In the begging of the story Rahim Khan calls Amir and itemises him There is a way to be good again. (Page 2) Putting this in the first chapter of the story communicates the reader many things about Amir, it could tell us that Amir has done many things that he regrets, or he has done things that caused pain to someone else. Amirs mother dies when she is giving contain to him, throughout the story Amir tries many different things to redeem himself to his father. When Amir wins the kite comp etition he think ofs that he would finally redeem himself for his mothers death. Amir thinks that he redeems himself because A smile played down on my fathers lips.He opened his arms (Page 79) When someone does this someone will automatically think that you redeemed yourself to that person. Another event that Amir does that he redeems himself for later is when he blackmails Hassan. Amirs father gives him a watch and Amir decides to put it below Hassans pillow. Later when Amirs father finds out that he took his watch he forgives him, but Ali (Hassans father) says that they make the decision to leave. To the near conclusion of the book, when Amir goes corroborate to Afghanistan, he receives a letter from Hassan.The letter tells him that he (Hassan) died, and that he has a son that it taken by the Taliban. Amir tells Farid (The person who takes Amir around in Afghanistan) about Sohrab, and he tells him You have a visa to go to America, to life with me and my wife. Its true. I promi se (Page 355) When Amir found out that he lost his best friend he went through a lot of trouble to get Sohrab. Amir could have avoided this if he did not contrive Hassan. If Amir did not frame Hassan, Hassan and Ali could have fled the country with Amir and his father.This event has a big impact on the events in the story. Without these examples of redemption, it is hard to picture the book ending in the way that it did. Along with many other themes, discrimination is one of the less discussed themes in this book. In my opinion I think that discrimination should be a theme that should be as important as any other theme. Discrimination plays a big role in the kite runner because of the structure of the social classes. In the begging of the story we know that Hassan is Amirs Hazara but later we know that he is Amirs brother.When Amir won the kite competition Hassan went to get the winning the kite. Hours had passed and Hassan did not show up. Amir goes looking for him and he asks Oma r (only involved in one paragraph) if he saw Hassan, Omar answers him by saying Your Hazara? (Page 68) without saying more than two sentences, we can see that people in the class with Hassan are treated with no repute and they are called Hazaras. Another event that happens when Hassan finally finds the kite that allowed Amir to win the competition he is surrounded by Assef and his gang.Assef is one of the biggest discriminators towards Hazaras as he is fright Hassan, he says, A loyal Hazara, Loyal as a dog (Page 72) When Hassan said this he could of compared Hassan to something else, but he picked a dog to show the most disrespect towards Hassan. In my own opinion I think that discrimination towards Hazaras in Kabul is horrible because they are treated as if they are a different race of people. Hazaras have the exact physical features as any average human being but they are treated like they are slaves.This is how discrimination, which is one of the themes that is not talked abou t a lot, is significant in this book. Violence is also one of the themes that are not discussed as much, violence should be because it is important and it is hidden. There are many examples that show violence in the book. One of the examples that show violence is when Hassan gets raped when Assef and his gang surround him. The author does not tell the reader that Hassan got raped but instead he makes Wali, one of the members of Assefs gang, tell Assef My father says its sinful (Page 75) This is a indirect message to maintain the reader that Hassan gets raped.This is one great example that violence plays a big role in the process of this book. Assef could of threated Hassan instead of raping him. In my opinion I think that he could not have done something that wasnt related to violence. Assef wanted to have his revenge on Hassan but it was hard to do something that has nothing to do with violence. Later on in the book, when Amir and Hassan do not talk to each other after Hassan got raped for him over a kite. Hassan asked if he could go under the pomegranate tree and let Amir read a story for him.When Amir and Hassan were under the pomegranate tree, Hassan asked Amir what he was doing wrong so he could stop, Amir told him that Hassan should stand up for himself. Hassan did not answer and Amir started to throw pomegranates on Hassan, Amir then told him Hit me back Hit me back goddamn you (Page 92) this is another great example that shows the violence that is included in the book. Hassan is the most loyal person in the book and Amir does not jimmy it instead Amir wants Hassan to hit him with a pomegranate.When Hassan stands up, he then smears a pomegranate on his face and walks away. This is how violence plays a theme in the book. It is not as visible as the other themes in the book but it is as significant as the other themes. Redemption, discrimination, and violence are themes in Khaled Hosseinis kite runner that play a big role in the book. Without these thre e themes it is hard to picture if the book would end up the way that it rattling ended up being. Quotes and Information taken from Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini.

Youth Gangs: Problem and Response

Irving Spergel begins his investigate by noting that the phenomenon of youth gang ups is not exclusively a product of American finish or the modern urban condition, pointing out that gangs date as far back to the 17th century England and span as far as Asia and sulfur America, have evolved from places as diverse as the secret societies from Hong Kong and the prison conditions of New Zealand.Spergel also observes that attempts to research youth gangs have yielded varying results and drawn wildly differing conclusions as to their criminal severity, the circumstances which spawn them, and the correlation they have with youth delinquency. Researchers also choose to define gangs and/or categorize them in relation to non-gang-related youth delinquency in rather varied ways, which only complicates this. I find this kind of sociable and historical context very fascinating. It certainly lends the concept of youth gang a certain legitimacy that is not afforded in mainstream representation s of them.Too often, gangs be simply viewed as products of depressed areas of urban America. They are considered a symptom of social failure rather than as a natural product of civilization, simply because it makes for more(prenominal) sensational content on television. But as Spergels research summary shows, youth gangs are a means for the youth to address their own connections shortcomings, most notably a lack of confidence in ones family or an inability to completely connect with peers at a school or work environment.In addition, Spergel suggests that law enforcement, social welfare agencies and other ways a community addresses youth gangs are problematized by how the demographic complexities of gang formation are distorted and/or exaggerated by how mainstream news media and governmental organizations choose to compose them. One telling example is how such(prenominal) distortions lead even the Department of Justice to fund research that relies on flawed methodology or entru st on grossly inflated figures for the purposes of rhetoric.Despite these acts, studies have indicated that the gang problem cannot be singularly reduced to one demographic and that the various activities they engage in are not necessarily limited to criminal behavior. Spergel does attempt to address this by reviewing such literature, and through this has suggested that gang behavior differs from other forms of youth delinquency in that the former must lie completely within the domain of group oriented conduct protecting the turf, maintaining an ideological code, etc.He also by all told odds defines delinquent youth groups against gangs by noting that the latter must have a relatively stable social order/grouping whereas the former tends to be more fluid in structure, and leadership is not a fixed constant. Furthermore, gang violence or criminally-oriented gang behavior is not as dramatically rugged as popular accounts tend to suggest. While some cities are certainly known for t heir alarming figures, the general average of criminially-oriented gang behavior is actually kind of low.Spergel takes research data to task by suggesting that the veracity of any such statistics is immediately made suspect by problematic measurements used to derive such data. They can be distorted depending on how one counts gang population and criminally-oriented gang behavior. Spergels research is quite too long to really address all his points in a brief manner, but let it suffice to say that he presents a rather thought provoking look at research and its perceptions of gangs and gang behavior, most notably because it suggests the heterogeneity of the phenomenon and the ease at which it can be distorted.

African American Slavery Essay

This paper intends to discuss the daily life of African American slaves in the nineteenth century. The first Africans landed in 1619 in Jamestown, Virginia. By this quantify numerous accounts of slave life were published. The origins of thrall in the get together States can be traced to compound America where in that respect was an abundance of agricultural land alone non enough labor. In responding to that, this paper will also discuss, first, the importance slavery played on the economic and political development of the United States certify it will explain the daily life of African American slaves and lastly defending that slavery is not a positive good.In ratiocination I will explain what led me to this topic, why this subject is important to world history and how its changed my perception. To begin with the most fundamental fact Slaves were not things. Whatever the law said, they were in reality human beings. A plow could not be evasive at work tasks, or burn round off the barn, or escape nor would it bleed when whipped, or develop for self-protection an elaborate courteous politeness when dealing with a master. An indicate complex of informal impost and rights sprang up because the slave was a person.The institution of slavery has played an important part in the economic and political development of the United States since colonial times. North America developed race-based plantation slavery. The colonization of North America could not of formed without the use African slaves. The demand for workers increased due to the tobacco plant cultivation. Unlike indentured servants, African slaves were not protected by the English common law. They could never be free, and their kids would be born into slavery.The English saw that African slaves were accustomed to heavy agriculture labor and unlike the Indians they were able to surpass various diseases that were spreading in Europe. As the value of African workers increased the piecemeal ceased to be t reated at indentured servants. First they became servants for life, and hence subject of ever more elaborate slave codes the defined their legal position in detailed ways.. By the end of the seventeenth century the distinction between black slaves and white servants had become sharply defined Servants were humans slaves were things.As colonies began to develop, the need for labor increased. Tobacco became one of the important crops in the in the buff colonies. Western Europeans could not do the work alone so African slaves were brought to the new colonies to cultivate and care for the crops. Slaves became a crucial part in the development of the United States. In Virginia, slaves were con rampred the center of the economic process and that instead of a nightclub with slaves it became a slave society. Slavery was the foundation of Virginias agricultural system and essential to its economic viability.Initially, planters bought slaves primarily to raise tobacco for export. By the l ast behind of the 18th century, wealthy Virginia farmers were using slave labor in a diversified agricultural regime. Enslaved African Americans also worked as skilled tradesmen in the countryside and in the capital city of Williamsburg. Many also served as domestics in the households of wealthier white Virginians. Slaves became essential in the growth of the economy. Slave life was not easy. African slaves lived under a wide variety of circumstances, such as household servants, wagon driver, iron foundry worker, and skilled artisan.The majority of African slaves worked as farm la gaugers festering cotton, tobacco, rice and other products. Some worked in large plantations or farms alongside their masters. Slaves worked from solarizeset to sunrise. Their masters kept a close eye on them. At night they had a curfew in their cabins, which was randomly inspected to ensure they didnt escape. They had no right to leave their home without the permission of their master. African Americ ans come from a inexpugnable tradition of extended families, which was taken away from them when sold into slavery. Mothers and their children were separated from one another.The slave family was the most important institution for African Americans. Families, though oftentimes low-down up, provided a foundation that prevented slaves from becoming completely demoralized. Most importantly, families provided slaves with a sense of community, not simply victimized individuals of oppression. The family as a functional entity was outlawed and permitted to hold out only when it benefited the slave-master. Maintenance of the slave family as a family unit benefited the slave-owners only when, and to the extent that such unions created new slaved could be exploited.Slave owners often forcibly coupled men and women with the goal to produce healthy child slaves. When you married, you had to jump over a broom three times. Women symbols no less then men. African slave woman in the living quart ers, the major responsibilities naturally fell to her. It was the woman who was charged with keeping the home in order. This region was dictated by the male supremacist ideology of white society in America it was also woven into patriarchal traditions of Africa.As her biological destiny, the woman bore the fruits of procreation as her social destiny, she cooked, sewed, washed, cleaned house, raised the children. Traditionally the labor of females, domestic work is supposed to complement and confirm their inferiority. Woman were also alongside the men, from sun up to sun down. The start of their day begin with a bell ringing to wake them up at four oclock in the morning and they are given a half an hour to get ready. Both men and woman work together, and the woman must work as steadily as the men and perform the same tasks as the men.Woman slaves who were pregnant were treated with no greater compassion and with no less naughtiness than her man. Slave owners had a reserved punishm ent for woman that were pregnant She is compelled to lie down over a hole made to receive her corpulency, and is flogged with the whip, or disturb with a paddle, which has hoes in it at every stroke comes a blister. In order for a black woman to function as a slave, they needed to annul themselves from being a woman and equal themselves to men. Slaves were treated with barbarous inhumanity.They often had to wear iron collars around their necks, drag heavy durance and weights at their feet while working in the fields to prevent runaways. Sometimes slave owners put them in stocks all day with gags in their mouths, causing their teething to break off. Each day they were severely punished with whips. Slaves were tortured for the entertainment of their masters, they would get pepper rubbed into their cuts, burnt and beaten naked. The life African American slaves lived was venomous, although in time many were able to create a tolerable life and community for themselves.Virtually no on e today defends slavery as a positive good. Slavery is evil. Today many historians have a controversy determining just what life was like under slavery. It is true that slavery brought riches to the port cities of Boston, New York, Charleston, and others. The wealth of America could not of been successful without the institution of slavery. The production of cotton does not just depend on change or its climate barely on the existence of domestic slavery. Slavery is alike that sin and the shame of he American people.Men, woman and children were robbed of their life, and there is no good in that. This system is one of robbery and cruel wrong, from beginning to end. This paper discussed the daily life of African American slaves in the nineteenth century. Along with that topic it explained the origins of slavery and its importance it played in the economic and political growth of the United States. From my research I learned how cruel and degrading the daily lives of African American slaves were.They were tormented and overworked. Their whole life was controlled by a man they called master. Women were treated with no greater compassion, they worked side by side with their men, and children who were born into slavery became slaves for life. I came upon this topic after taking a course called Building Community Through Diversity at Notre Dame de Namur this past semester. I became very interested in learning about slavery, white power, privilege, and race. To help me illuminate my topic I used both(prenominal) books and internet sources.It is important that everyone is educated about slavery, because never want history to repeat itself again. The institution of slavery was not a good thing but without institution of slavery the United States wouldnt of been so rich in agriculture. African slaves played a major role in the growth of the United States, without the institution of slavery tobacco, cotton and many other plantations would not of made nearly the amount i t has done. In conclusion, the wealth of our nation bore with the institution of slavery.

Counter-Terrorism Project

Terrorists, one of the prominent words that have been recently involved to a lot of social disturbance that often associated to killings of civilians. Such shaping is usually recognized as a group of people that is known to create sc be to the public and threatened the government by utilizing violence. This is in criminal prosecution of their goal that is either political or religious. Reading articles in the net, I thought that terrorist act was already an evident social dilemma in about(prenominal) ancient and contemporary civilization (Jewett, n. d. ).Dating back to the ancient days, acts of terrors are already in existence (Jewett, n. d. ). Barbary and piracy are the most common terrorists that had threatened the lives of too soon civilization (Jewett, n. d. ). From a personal arrest of view, I consider terrorists as the most notorious criminals and law offenders in present time. With the various incidents of terror attacks whereas hundreds and thousands of lives had been claimed from serial publication by series bombings, much(prenominal) terror activities had create negative impact in the society that caused panic and disseminates anxiety amongst the people.Citing these major events that have something to do with terrorism always make me wonder how these people could do such violent activities despite of thorough campaign against terrorism. Hence, the only thing that runs through my mind when the way out is terrorism is to think and formulate of counter-terrorism actions, which is inspired by thought of protecting the humankind and society against such detrimental activities. Upon reading just the introduction theatrical role of the terror training manual(a), the depiction of Al Qaedas commitment to their terror desire is distinctly visible. It showcases that brass sections oath for what they believe in.Structured and constitute in the most stimulating manner, the Islamic notion of the entire Al Qaeda Terror Group is highlighted well in aid to inculcate the spot of a true blood terrorist for their new recruits. In addition to this, the organizations disappointment and doubtfulness against the governance of the westwarders. Moreover, the introduction of Al Qaedas terror training manual intelligibly stated their words of advice to their opposition (Western Government), saying that such unfaithful regimes must know the dialog of bullets, the ideals of assassination and the diplomacy of the cannon and machine-gun.In here, I can clearly say that the Al Qaeda is sending their message seriously towards the opposition and warns that such consequences must be honored than to just disregard. Hence, I could say that the graduation part of the training manual is the depiction of Al Qaedas righteousness, which they claim the thought and justify the notion that they are bound in goodness to do such terroristic activities. Browsing more of the manuals pages I have discovered that Islam is not just performing rituals, however, it is a complete system with Religion and government, Koran and sword, worship and Jihad, ethics and dealing with people.Thus, this characterizes the organizations mission in merely holistic manner, without being pessimistic or distinction between the political and spiritual. One of the major components of the manual that in reality attract my attention is the instructions that has something to do with falsification of meaning(a) document and comprehensive manual to handle individual mission. Certainly, Al Qaedas terror training manual provides detailed guidelines for their aspiring members on how to forge documents, handling proper finances, and setting up urban and rural bases.This is their profound training practice for the new members in able to avoid both compromise and detection in the secrecy of their terroristic mission. Hence, I see this as an aid to upset their target nations sense of security, by hiding their real personal identity to pursue their terroristic goal. In line with this, it would be helpful if security authorities are cautious to every individuals true identity to determine who are the terrorist and not.By effecting counter terrorism action that could interrupt and detect this strategy of Al Qaeda, it is safe enough to say that such detrimental mean by the organization would be prevented and well managed. In the end, the composition Al Qaedas terror training manual utterly suggests that the government authorities mostly the western civilization to be care with the consequences might happen such as act of terrorism. Moreover, the training manuals clearly depicts the extent of capabilities of such organization.In addition to this, the manual is a indite proof of the things that the Al Qaeda terrorists group could do in the society to upon the people. Personally speaking, I could say the manual was completed consequently to achieve specific terroristic goal of the organization as every words and instructions are structured in the mo st stimulating manner to put up up the Islamic passion for their new members. Thus, such training manual must be reviewed thoroughly to intercept any acts of terrorism.Nonetheless, the training manual of Al Qaeda terrorists group would serve as the perfect reference in the formulation of governments counter-terrorism strategy. Furthermore, my read with the training manual of Al Qaeda have took me into some recommendations for counter terrorism strategy. A counter terrorism strategy must focus on detection and surveillance in order to prevent any occurrence of terrorism acts that could lead to harm the people.Hence, the starting point of such strategy is to design a more efficient ways to determine and point out trumped-up passports and other significant documents that members of Al Qaeda utilizes for their international travel. Summary of the Statement The above writings are my personal reactions in the Al Qaedas genteelness Manual. Those are the incorporations of all the assump tions and knowledge that I acquired upon my readings to the terror training manual. In a sense, most of the reaction statement that I have written above is the depiction of my own findings after I have read the Al Qaedas training manual.Starting in the introduction of the training manual, above words stated that Al Qaeda terrorists group is committed and in full service to spread their acts of terrorism in aid to their Muslim oath to Allah. Thus, the introduction appeals to the green Muslims to join them hand in hand to pursue their goal to spread the notions of Islam. In addition to this, the philosophy of the entire Al Qaeda terrorists group is in like manner highlighted in the part of of my response statement to the training manual of the organization.Moreover, the above content tackles the capabilities of the organization to create social disturbance that aims to spread anxiety and harm people by utilizing violence. Also, this paper tells how the Muslim act and reciprocate to their opposition (West Government), and put into account the messages of the organization towards other side. In addition to this, the disappointment of the organization to the western government is as well discussed as it is one of the primary reasons as to why the Al Qaeda terrorist group are against the westerners.Nonetheless, the reactions above are representation of my own thought with regards to designing a counter terrorism strategy to prevent any occurrence of such detrimental activities. Hence, it is determined the capabilities and significant strategies of the organization to disseminate anxiety in the society and harm the people that are against them. f References Jewett T. (n. d. ). Terrorism in Early America. Retrieved July 25, 2008, from http//www. earlyamerica. com/review/2002_winter_spring/terrorism. htmL Terrorist Training Manual. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 25, 2008, from www. fas. org/irp/world/para/aqmanual. pdf

Buddhism in East Asia Essay

Many people will choose Confucianism as the most important actor in understating East Asiatic culture. Confucianism, indeed, is crucial in understanding the culture. However, unrivaled should not overlook the influence of Buddhism on Confucianism and many areas of East Asian culture. Buddhism, star of the worlds oldest organized religions and a philosophy, is shared by East Asian countries, thus in order to fully appreciate the East Asian culture, one should learn about Buddhism and its significant influence on the culture.This paper will discuss Buddhism shared by East Asian culture and how the religion vie an enormous role in shaping the mindset of people affecting their culture. Buddhism started approximately in the 6th century BCE, starting with the birth of the Buddha in India. The religion then spread through Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia (Keown). Among many branches of Buddhism, Mahayana has been diffused from first west, north, and east throughout East Asi a (Skilton). The fundamental principles of Mahayana are spill from suffering and the belief in the existence of Bodhisattva.Bodhisattva is someone who achieved Nirvana, the state of being free from both suffering and the cycle of rebirth (Keown). One can stick a carved wood elongated figure of Bodhisattva Guanyin (1999. 13. 0003) from Spurlok Museum, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL . In this wooden figure, Guanyin is barefoot with hair wrapped in knot, wears ornate robes and holds a basket with flowers (Spurlock Museum). One can also find a photo of Bronze Seated Buddha in National Museum at Kyongbok-Kung, Seoul, South Korea (1986. 27. 0017) in Spurlock Museum .These are an important artifact and a photo because one can easily find very similar artifacts of Guanyin or Buddha in China, Korea, and Japan. It shows one how Buddhism was shared by East Asian countries (Yu). Upon first encountering Buddhism, many Chinese scholars regarded it as merely a foreign religion. T his caused Buddhism to transform itself into a system that could co-exist within the Chinese personal manner of life. Thus, filial devotion, one of the most valued by Confucianists, in Buddhist teachings became the core texts in China.It further strengthened the Confucian value by claiming that the repurchase of an respective(prenominal) was a benefit to the society and family. Therefore, Buddhism could spread well in the Chinese population (Chen). From this point, Buddhism spread to Korea and Japan, and Buddhist ideology began to merge with Confucianism. This caused many Confucian scholars to redefine Confucianism as Neo-Confucianism (Chen). While Neo-Confucianism adapted Buddhist ideas, many Neo-Confucianists strongly opposed Buddhism.Nonetheless, Buddhism offered Confucianism important ideas such as the nature of the soul and the relation of the individual to the cosmos, ideas not explored by Confucianism (Chen). Again, Neo-Confucianism was spread through Korea and Japan, and t hey were all deeply influenced for more than half a millennium (Chen). Moreover, many other indigenous religions and philosophical systems in East Asia integrated the ideas and teachings of Buddhism, so it came to be a natural part of living. In conclusion, the teachings of Buddhism not only influenced in shaping the mindset of East Asian people, but also affected their philosophy of life.

“the Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Profit”

Businesses stool many responsibilities, the primary role being, to make profit and then in sprain grow and expand as a business in the hope that they increase profits. After all, not many people want to be in the business of losing money, it is simply the function of a business to make money. However, in saying that, I would disagree in saying that this is entirely a accessible certificate of indebtedness. Businesses obtain a responsibility to their stakeholders and/or their sh atomic number 18holders to increase profits, but well-disposedly they are required to do so much more.In terms of social responsibility, in this current day and age, businesses have a responsibility to society. I believe consumers are generally not concerned close the profit businesses makes, they are more concerned about the quality, service and value they receive from dealing with a business, and more importantly whether the success of the business was gained by them following socially and ethically responsible for(p) business practices. In the past, businesses would forfeit their social responsibility at the cost of increasing profit.A good example of this is multinational conglomerate, varan & Gamble, identified by PETA as a corporation that actively participates in animal testing1 to ensure that their products are safe for people to use. Yes, they are fulfilling their social responsibility in ensuring that their products do not harm their consumers, but straightway society and organisations are pointing the finger and actively boycotting companies such as Proctor & Gamble, for ignoring their social responsibility. Businesses have had to turn things around to adapt to the views of changing society. Being socially responsible is now a costly exercise.Due to their previous poor business ethics, they have to date invested almost $250 million in alternative testing methods in an effort to abolish all forms of animal testing. 2 Not only now is it socially unacceptable to pract ice bad business ethics, but it is socially unacceptable for businesses that make too much money to ignore the needs of the needy. honker Gates, founder of Microsoft together with the efforts of his wife Melinda have established the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The foundation donates millions of dollars every year, aiding many projects with their slogan being all lives have compeer value.It is now the duty of businesses and many large corporations to be socially responsible and contribute to society on a larger scale. It is simply incorrect to say that increasing profit is the sole responsibility of a business. It is the social responsibility of a business to be socially responsible, in all facets. delineation a socially responsible image is detrimental to increasing profits, this has not always been the case, many companies that were once selfless entities whos only mission was to gain at any cost have realised that with the changes in society, they have had to change the way they conduct their business.Sadly, many businesses and corporations participate in socially responsible activities for the purpose of increasing profit, businesses are not changing their packaging to pink to secretly support breast cancer, they do so, so that you and I know about it. These so called acts of social responsibility are a form of advertising and they are done to show consumers just how good they can be. It is not the social responsibility of businesses to increase profit, but it is the social responsibility of companies to be socially responsible to increase profit.