Malaysia, entrepreneurship Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Malaysia, entrepreneurship - Dissertation Example Human beings are the super animals; all of them possess the power to innovate new things that would enhance the quality of living. Thus, identifying the new methodologies encompasses the most important characteristics of entrepreneurship. In short an entrepreneur is the one, who becomes a risk lover and accepts any upcoming risk, provided it associates the scope of achieving profit. In the modern world of globalization, business and trading activities are at its zenith. It is almost impossible to achieve economic growth in a nation without the expansion of entrepreneurial capabilities. Entrepreneurs in a nation give rise to small and medium scale enterprises that generate more employment opportunities in the country. A rise in the level of employment ultimately stimulates the growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in a country. Small scale industry growth is the primary aspect that helps in reducing poverty in an economy. Almost all the developed and developing countries in the world are now opting for rise in the level of entrepreneurial activities. The government of any nation should actively support the entrepreneurial activities in the economy, as this is the only key that would help in attaining economic development. ... economy. Most of the jobs and inventions in U.S. result from the current entrepreneurial activities. In early 2002, it was estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau that almost three forth of the U.S. businesses were tackled by entrepreneurs (DOL, 2013). Figure 1: U.S. Growing Entrepreneurship 2006-2011 (Source: Forbes, 2012) Malaysia is a nation, whose income is categorized in the group of middle income nations. Since 1970’s the country has shown rapid growth and progress, transforming itself as a multi-sector economic system. It is estimated that small scale industries contribution in the economy is higher by almost 2 %, than the large scale business firms in Malaysia (CIA, 2013). The enormous number financing, infrastructural and business advisory policies framed regarding the entrepreneurship in Malaysia shows high prevalence of the same in the country. The Ministry of Entrepreneurial Development was established in Malaysia long ago in 1995 (USINFO, n.d). This state body ensured that the nation enjoys economic development with the help of capitalist class growth. In the recent times most of the economies are stimulating their economic growth with the virtues of entrepreneurship. Figure 2: Growing Popularity of Entrepreneurship (Source: MSU, 2013) Operational Management Strategies for Entrepreneurship The business environment of medium and small scale industries is highly competitive. The method and strategies used in the operational activities successfully helps a firm to generate competitive advantage among the rivals in the market. Operations involve managing business resources and modifying the procedure of production of goods or services. Figure 3: Operational Strategy (Source: Slack and Nigel, 2005) The above diagram shows that operations

The Grievances Amongst the Russian People Essay Example for Free

The Grievances Amongst the Russian People Essay Assess the extent to which the grievances of the Russian people were addressed by the October Manifesto The grievances amongst the Russian people were addressed to some extent by the passing of the October Manifesto. The laws passed in the October Manifesto were designed to benefit the working class as well as prevent an outbreak of violence and an imminent revolution. Stolypin was appointed as the chairman of ministers for the Duma. Which had been created in the hope to please the working class enough to draw them back to the factories. However while in that position he implemented many controversial laws. Consequently Stolypin was assassinated and caused a huge impact on the Russian people. Firstly Tsar Nicholas II was persuaded by his advisers to issue the October Manifesto, because the increasing misery of the Russian people had reached a point where they were willing to take the risk of initiating a revolution. The suffering the Russian people, especially the working class endured around October 1905 was extreme due to the Russo-Japo war. There were severe shortages on everything but most importantly fuel and food which were necessities. The level of their discontent was increasingly rising and revolution was becoming an imminent possibility. The Tsar was consequently persuaded by his trusted advisors to give up his absolute power and focus on trying to retain a partial power. The passing of the October Manifesto effectively stopped the threat of revolution. The laws passed within this document allowed for the setting up of a Russian parliament called the Duma, gave the people a right to vote, allowed for basic civil rights to be for filled such as free speech and better working and living conditions. The passing of the October Manifesto ended absolute monarchy in Russia. This also pleased and convinced the workers to go back to working class to go back to work. Secondly a man named Stolypin was appointed by the Tsar to be chairman of the Duma, the new Russian parliament. However this was a tactical move by the Tsar, Stolypin was placed in this position so as to reverse all the changes that had been made in the October Manifesto which the Tsar had to concede to in October 1905. Stolypin implemented many controversial policies such as, punishing the leaders of the revolution through hanging. Which resulted in the death of over two thousand people and around 21,000 being banished to Siberia. The noose became known as Stolypins neck tie. An upper house of the Duma was created called the State Council. The deputies of this house were also appointed by the Tsar consequently they were answerable to him in preference to the public. The Upper House was put in place so as to stop any law that was not suitable proposed by the Duma. Also in 1907 Stolypin engineered a new electoral law, which was made in favour of the rich. The rule stated that it would take 230 large landowner (nobles), 1000 large business owners (industrialists), 15 000 small business, 60 0000 peasant, and 125 000 factory workers votes to elect one deputy to the Duma. The new electoral law limited the rights of the poor and working class; basically landing them back to where they began for their fight for basic rights. However during the period of Stolypin, Russia was fairly stable between 1907 and 1911, due to Stolypins wise intelligence. He implemented some legal reforms for peasants and factory workers that did not fully satisfy them but kept them content. Stolypin was very wise in the decisions he made. Stolypin was able to keep the threat of revolution down by passing some legal reforms that satisfied the peasants and working class. However he did implement many controversial policies that took back the rights of the working class, that they had fought so hard to win. Thirdly the impact of Stolypins downfall and assassination created growing discontent amongst the people. With rising numbers of strikes and demonstrations. After Stolypins assassination in 1911, the middle class dominated Duma, removed the restrictions and overturned Stolypin’s social reforms in order for Russia to more rapidly industrialise. Russia experienced worsening discontent throughout 1912 to 1914. In 1912 striking miners in the Lena Goldfields in Siberia were massacred by the Cossacks which therefore provoked a wave of more strikes. In July 1914 a general strike began. Violent clashes between the factory workers Cossacks and police ended in mounting causalities. This near revolution only ended due to the out break of WW1. Stolypins assassination had a great impact on the Russian people; it increased discontent amongst the working class which resulted in more strikes, casualties and deaths. The Russian people were consequently stuck back in the same position they had fought so hard to get out of in 1905. In conclusion the grievances amongst the Russian people were addressed to some extent by the passing of the October Manifesto in 1905. The Manifesto allowed for the creation of a Duma which resulted in a more democratic environment, and allowed for the right to vote. This manifesto also allowed for basic civil rights such as free speech and better working and living conditions, which were the biggest issue behind most of the strikes. However the commission of Stolypin by the Tsar to fill the place of the chairman of ministers for the Duma created problems. The Russian people were kept content throughout the period of Stolypins power despite the gradual reversal of all changes made by the Tsar in the October Manifesto. After the assassination of Stolypin a general strike broke out, this landed the Russian people back to square one. So to some extent the passing of the October Manifesto in 1905 addressed the grievances amongst the Russian people.

U.s And Greece: Differences And Similarities In Education :: essays research papers

U.S and Greece: Differences and Similarities in Education   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many differences and similarities in education in Greece and The United States of America today. The differences, which there are many of, are focused on the different ideas of what is important in our different countries. The similarities are basic in an education and to have a successful country which both do have to be the same.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Greece and the U.S. have only four major similarities which are common to a good education. First, both have students that go to school until the age of 18 with the exception of college now. Second, both countries make students learn about music, have physical training, and learn to read and write. Later on in the Greek society, poor and rich students all went to school and all men soon learned to read and write.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many differences in the two different civilizations and probably due to the difference of time. There are about ten major differences between the two counties. First, the poor looked as an extra child in the family, and extra child to feed and give an education so could be abandoned or not given an education. The rich also didn't want to spend the money on the child's education and would be very selfish. Girls stayed home to cook, weave, do art, and to learn to run the house because of the male dominated culture. Only the boys went to school, and at first the rich boys only went to school. Only men learned to read and write. All schools were private schools and family's would have to pay the school expenses for the education. They believed music was necessary and they had a high value on physical fitness which the U.S. doesn't. For people who could not afford school they would train in the city to be a soldier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The schools in Greece and in The United States of America both have a

The Language of the Mafia Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Language of the Mafia Mobspeak is a language that grows out of secrecy, and who can be more secret than the Mafia? The anti-social nature of the Mob is the perfect breeding ground for an "Antilanguage," which is, according to M. A. K. Halliday, a language that develops out of an antisociety which stands as a mode of resistance' to the society within which it exists (Butler 1). In his 1976 article, Halliday suggests that in these societies, a type of language forms in an effort to exclude outsiders for various reasons. One striking reason for the existence of an antilanguage is to hide the activities of the group. Halliday gives evidence for this claim through the existence of Elizabethan thieves cant, a form of communication derived in the Calcuttan underworld that thieves use to speak to one another without fear of incriminating themselves. Similarly, the Mafia -- which is often the target of FBI wire-taps -- requires its own thieves cant. The Mob constantly tries to hide its activities from the authorit ies. One way to accomplish this goal is to use somewhat cryptic vocabulary. For instance, there are over twenty words for the verb to kill'. If someone were to disrespect The Family' somebody might do a piece of work on' him. He could get whacked, erased, burned, clipped, iced, or hit -- just to name a few. In order to have a full understanding of the Mafia's unique use of language it is necessary to realize the context in which it is used. The Mafia's major business is providing "protection" for merchants in their territory. Basically, they insure that no other criminals will give any of their clients trouble. However, when anything comes under mob protection, the Mafia considers itself its "owner". They do not offer... ...English. Virtually everything the Mafia does has an impact on its language. Many defining characteristics of Mobspeak spawn from the illegal activities of the organization. They speak in codes due to a requisite for secrecy. The same applies in their unreserved overuse of profanity -- another way of expressing power. Their linguistic characteristics are a reflection of their roguish behavior and lifestyle. Overall, the language of the mafia is unique in that employs Halliday's ideas of an antilanguage in a modern sense. Sources Cited Butler, Todd. Exploring the Antilanguage of Gangster Rap. The Secol Review V. 19 (Spring 1995): 1-24 Le Vien, Douglas, Jr. and Juliet Papa. The Mafia Handbook. New York: Penguin Books, 1993 Pieggi, Nicholas. Wiseguy. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986 Pieggi, Nicholas. Casino. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995

Cantaloupe Description

The Cantaloupe At first glance, the cantaloupe looks round and light grayish-tan, with a hint of green. From afar it looks round and plain, about the size of a peewee soccer ball. On approach, the circular shape is less perfect with subtle dents and bumps all around. Surrounding the sphere shaped fruit are light tan lines like a dense city map with all the streets intertwining and curving around without any significant pattern, not geometric like gridlines. On the surface, there are small matchbook sized patches color the skin, some more yellow and other patches that are darker green.A particular indention looks like the fruit might have laid on a rock on the ground while it was growing. One end, where the flower might have once been, is the palest of yellow circles. On the opposite edge, the stubby vestige of a stem remains. This dried up nub is the brown and shriveled, slightly indented from the rest of the globe. Surrounding the stem is a dark circle of hunter green. Picking it up from the counter, the weight of this globular object seems significantly heavier than it looks, like a mini bowling ball.Despite the volume, it feels that the weight is not solid which is proven by the hollow sound the fruit makes when tapped, like patting a child on the head. The delineated lines feel like webbing and give the fruit a rough feel, but it’s not an uncomfortable roughness. The experience is somewhere in between a prickly cactus and a furry peach. At this point my mind starts to wander. Should I cut it open now or wait? Should I take a break? I look outside at the fat flakes of snow coming down outside and remind myself to get back to the task at hand.There is no resentment or anger. I look again at this object I have assigned myself to detail. When I am at a loss as to how to describe something in particular my mind wandering happens more frequently. I continue to focus my attention back to the cantaloupe as soon as I realize I’ve been distracted. I hol d the cantaloupe to my eye. There is a faint line of brownish green that runs through the net-like lines covering the fruit. Some of the spaces between the lines look like parks because they’re darker green, while others ook grey like the concrete of a parking lot. My mind wanders again and I start to look to see if there are any recognizable maps in squiggles. I see a roundabout that reminds me of an intersection in England and another resembles the neighborhood where I grew up. The intertwining layers of the lines remind me of overgrown vines on a wall covering another layer of skin. The underneath layer has the vague look of green splotches, almost veins, like the streaks that run through blue cheese. I thump the cantaloupe again. It substitutes as a drum to make a tune.Apparently it has different thicknesses inside because the sound it makes when you knock it on the end is a higher pitch than when you rap it in the middle. One spot must be particularly thick because the s ound is more substantial. Rubbing the skin makes the same sound as rubbing your hands together on a dry winter day. I try to make other noises using the produce, but intuition tells me that the only way to get another sound is to drop it on the floor. I’m not willing to do that. Before cutting into the orb, I notice a whiff of eau-de grocery store produce aisle a bit past its sell-by date.The smell isn’t strong and it’s only when I touch the fruit to my nose that I smell this. I then sniff each different area of the outer layer and notice that where the flower once might have been the smell is much stronger and sweeter. I scratch my finger nails on the rough skin, but it doesn’t affect the scent the way it would with an orange or lemon. It’s time to cut into the orb. Even as the knife makes the first gouge, clear pale orange juice escapes. I lick my fingers and find the sweet taste refreshing and different.Although the juice is the color of a Satsu ma mandarin or a commercial worthy carrot, it tastes nothing like either. Slicing the melon in half, the cantaloupe now resembles a geode, with a plain outside and a brightly colored exotic inside. It’s filled with seeds and goo in the center. The slimy innards resemble the finest angel hair pasta, but instead of being the color of regular noodles, they are varying shades of orange, some even translucent. I carve out this gooey inside and the sweet smell now fills the air with its cloying tropical fermented flower mell. Friends who have been watching a movie in the other room come to see if they can have some, the smell having tempted them away from what they are doing. Ironic, because I’m no longer interested in the cantaloupe and ready to toss it into the composting bin. I send everyone away so that I can continue on. The meaty flesh isn’t too tough, nor is it too soft. I take a bite and let the flavor rush across my tongue. The taste reminds me of summers on the farm eating the freshest fruits and vegetables straight out of the garden still warm from the sun.There’s a touch of salt in the taste, but the sweetness overpowers it. In spite the firm texture, the fruit feels soft and chewy and the volume of nectar is astounding. The tissue is softer and moister than the similar essence of a pumpkin and more compact than the inside of a fig. Squishing the orange flesh with my fingers, it all but dissolves into juice. What little remains is the finest of strings as soft as silk. I find a seed still attached, that I missed. The kernel is a flat oval with semi-pointed ends. Like a flat football with the air taken away, but miniscule in comparison.It’s almost as though the surrounding fibrous slime is dissolving in the air as I watch. I break open a seed using my fingernail. It’s soft and waxy, not much there. I take a wedge of the sliced cantaloupe and look at the difference between the skin and the edible meat. Like a rainb ow, the color changes from thick rind on the outside to the orange moist, fleshy core on the inside. Like the color spectrum, the differences in shades are subtle, but quick. A yellow stratum is the most predominant, but considering the layer in question is less than an eighth of an inch thick, this golden subcutaneous layer isn’t very big.I make sure there isn’t anything I’ve overlooked and to check my notes for missing descriptive words. I’m shocked to look at the clock and see that more time has passed than I would have expected. I went several hours without checking my watch; something I can only do when I’m not bored. Learning to look beyond the obvious is something I already knew how to do. I enjoy observing people and watching facial expressions for meaning. What I’m not good at it is sitting still and holding my attention for long periods of time. Exercises like this help to train my brain to â€Å"settle own, focus, and catch upâ⠂¬  as local monologuist Josh Kornbluth says. While I had to make a few self directed corrections along the way, I was fairly pleased that I was able to block out a significant amount of what was going on with family and friends in the other rooms and outdoors. Yes, there were a few times that my attention wandered, but I was back on track in seconds rather than hours or days. The reward at the end was to finish a paper I was happy with and to share the small remainder of the cantaloupe with my friends while on a weekend away. Mission accomplished!

Problemas de viajar fuera de USA con visa U

Problemas de viajar fuera de USA con visa U   Si has aplicado para una visa U para và ­ctimas de crà ­menes,  incluidos algunos casos de  violencia domà ©stica,  Ã‚  o si tu solicitud ha sido aprobada puede que desees viajar fuera de EEUU. Pero,  ¿se puede hacer? La respuesta es que nadie puede impedir que se viaje. Pero es muy aconsejable no hacerlo. La razà ³n es que puede que no puedas regresar a Estados Unidos. Incluso si puedes, tomar su tiempo porque tendrs que ir al consulado y esperar por los trmites correspondientes.   Por estos motivos, si ests en Estados Unidos y has pedido una visa U o si tu aplicacià ³n ha sido aprobada es muy recomendable que sà ³lo viajes   a otro paà ­s si es absolutamente necesario, siendo aconsejable que antes de viajar consultes tu caso con un abogado de inmigracià ³n especialista en este tipo de casos. Como este es un asunto muy serio, en este artà ­culo se explica quà © puede pasar si se viaja fuera de Estados Unidos, tanto mientras se tiene la solicitud de visa pendiente como si ya ha sido aprobada. Quà © se debe hacer si se necesita viajar  y tambià ©n quà © momento es el ideal para viajar.  ¿Quà © puede pasar si se viaja  fuera de Estados Unidos con visa U? Si sà ³lo has aplicado  por la visa U ante el USCIS mediante el envà ­o de la planilla (forma) I-918  pero todavà ­a no tienes respuesta y viajas fuera de Estados Unidos necesitars ir a una embajada o un consulado americano para obtener la visa para regresar. Pero el proceso puede demorarse meses. En estos casos hay que esperar por la decisià ³n del USCIS. y aprueba la solicitud, iniciar la tramitacià ³n del visado. Y eso en el caso de que se apruebe. Si la aplicacià ³n de la visa U ha sido aprobada y viajas despuà ©s de dicha aprobacià ³n al extranjero tambià ©n es necesario ir a una embajada o consulado americano   para poder regresar. Esto es asà ­ porque cuando el USCIS hizo su aprobacià ³n el à ºnico documento que entregà ³ fue un documento conocido como I-797C. Esto es simplemente una Nota de Accià ³n en la que se reconoce el estatus, pero no es una visa. Por lo tanto, hay que obtener una en una oficina consular de los Estados Unidos. Y este proceso puede demorarse meses. Adems, tanto en el caso de que se viaje fuera de EEUU cuando sà ³lo se tiene presentada la aplicacià ³n por la visa U como cuando se tiene aprobada la solicitud se corre un riesgo grande que que al presentarse al consulado la visa no sea aprobada. Las razones pueden ser variadas: Al estar en el extranjero no se ha recibido alguna notificacià ³n importante del USCIS.El gobierno considera que con este viaje se ha abandonado la peticià ³nEl gobierno dicen que al estar fuera se incumple con la obligacià ³n de colaborar con las autoridades, que es un requisito de este visado.Se puede considerar que no se sufre del alegado sufrimiento fà ­sico o psà ­quico que se ha alegado al solicitar la visa.  ¿Puedo viajar si antes de salir de Estados Unidos se solicita un advance parole? Esta opcià ³n sà ³lo es posible si la persona a la que se le ha aprobado la visa U ha pedido un ajuste de estatus mediante el envà ­o de la planilla I-485. Sà ³lo en este caso, y nunca antes, es posible solicitar  el advance parole. En todo caso resaltar que es necesario poder alegar razones vlidas para el viaje. No se trata de que simplemente se quiere ver a la familia, etc. Problemas muy serios a tener siempre en cuenta   Si un inmigrante ha permanecido en Estados Unidos ilegalmente por ms de seis meses seguidos se le va a aplicar el castigo de los tres y los diez aà ±os. Esto hace que sea muy problemtico salir del paà ­s porque puede ser dificilà ­simo volver a entrar hasta que pase el tiempo impuesto en el castigo. Y esto es asà ­ incluso en los casos en los que se viaja con un advance parole en mano y al llegar a las aduanas y fronteras de EEUU no se permite ingresar al paà ­s.  ¿Cundo se puede viajar sin problemas fuera de Estados Unidos? Realmente lo ideal es cuando ya se obtiene la tarjeta de residencia, tambià ©n conocida como green card. La visa U puede transformarse despuà ©s de 4 aà ±os y mediante un ajuste de estatus en una residencia. Una vez que se obtienes ya se puede viajar y regresar a Estados Unidos. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

A Country Study on the Ancient Cultures of Japan

A Country Study on the Ancient Cultures of Japan On the basis of archaeological finds, it has been postulated that hominid activity in Japan may date as early as 200,000 B.C. when the islands were connected to the Asian mainland. Although some scholars doubt this early date for habitation, most agree that by around 40,000 B.C. glaciation had reconnected the islands with the mainland. Populating the Land of Japan Based on archaeological evidence, they also agree that by between 35,000 and 30,000 B.C. Homo sapiens had migrated to the islands from eastern and southeastern Asia and had well-established patterns of hunting and gathering and stone toolmaking. Stone tools, inhabitation sites, and human fossils from this period have been found throughout all the islands of Japan. The Jomon Period More stable living patterns gave rise by around 10,000 B.C. to Neolithic  or, as some scholars argue, Mesolithic culture. Possibly distant ancestors of the Ainu aboriginal people of modern Japan, members of the heterogeneous Jomon culture (ca. 10,000-300 B.C.) left the clearest archaeological record. By 3,000 B.C., the Jomon people were making clay figures and vessels decorated with patterns made by impressing the wet clay with braided or unbraided cord and sticks (Jomon means patterns of plaited cord) with growing sophistication. These people also used chipped stone tools, traps, and bows and were hunters, gatherers, and skillful coastal and deep-water fishermen. They practiced a rudimentary form of agriculture and lived in caves and later in groups of either temporary shallow pit dwellings or above-ground houses, leaving rich kitchen middens for modern anthropological study. By the late Jomon period, a dramatic shift had taken place according to archaeological studies. Incipient cultivation had evolved into sophisticated rice-paddy farming and government control. Many other elements of Japanese culture also may date from this period and reflect a mingled migration from the northern Asian continent and the southern Pacific areas. Among these elements are Shinto mythology, marriage customs, architectural styles, and technological developments, such as lacquerware, textiles, metalworking, and glassmaking. The Yayoi Period The next cultural period, the Yayoi (named after the section of Tokyo where archaeological investigations uncovered its traces) flourished between about 300 B.C. and A.D. 250 from southern Kyushu to northern Honshu. The earliest of these people, who are thought to have migrated from Korea to northern Kyushu and intermixed with the Jomon, also used chipped stone tools. Although the pottery of the Yayoi was more technologically advanced, it was more simply decorated than Jomon ware. The Yayoi made bronze ceremonial nonfunctional bells, mirrors, and weapons and, by the first century A.D., iron agricultural tools and weapons. As the population increased and society became more complex, they wove cloth, lived in permanent farming villages, constructed buildings of wood and stone, accumulated wealth through land ownership and the storage of grain, and developed distinct social classes. Their irrigated, wet-rice culture was similar to that of central and south China, requiring heavy inputs of human labor, which led to the development and eventual growth of a highly sedentary, agrarian society. Unlike China, which had to undertake massive public works and water-control projects, leading to a highly centralized government, Japan had abundant water. In Japan, then, local political and social developments were relatively more important than the activities of the central authority and a stratified society. The earliest written records about Japan are from Chinese sources from this period. Wa (the Japanese pronunciation of an early Chinese name for Japan) was first mentioned in A.D. 57. Early Chinese historians described Wa as a land of hundreds of scattered tribal communities, not the unified land with a 700-year tradition as laid out in the Nihongi, which puts the foundation of Japan at 660 B.C. Third-century Chinese sources reported that the Wa people lived on raw vegetables, rice, and fish served on bamboo and wooden trays, had vassal-master relations, collected taxes, had provincial granaries and markets, clapped their hands in worship (something still done in Shinto shrines), had violent succession struggles, built earthen grave mounds, and observed mourning. Himiko, a female ruler of an early political federation known as Yamatai, flourished during the third century. While Himiko reigned as a spiritual leader, her younger brother carried out affairs of state, which included diplomatic relations with the court of the  Chinese Wei Dynasty  (A.D. 220 to 65).

Use the French Faire to Build Castles in the Air

Use the French Faire to Build Castles in the Air The French verb faire  means  literally  to do or to make and is used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to build castles in the air, turn a deaf ear, act like a child and more with these expressions using faire.2 et 2 font 4 (math)2 plus 2 equals 4faire infinitive (causative)1) to cause something to happen  Ã‚  Ã‚  Le froid fait geler leau.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cold makes water freeze.2) to have something done  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je fais laver la voiture.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Im having the car washed. faire beau or mauvais  (weather expressions)il fait beau or  il   fait beau tempsto be nice weather;  Ã‚  its nice out; the weather is fine/niceil fait mauvais or il fait mauvais tempsto be bad weather; its bad out; the weather is bad/nasty faire 5 kilomà ¨tres, 3 heuresto go 5 km, be on the road for 3 hours faire acte de prà ©senceto put in an appearancefaire sa tà ªteto act impulsively, to have ones wayfaire attention to pay attention to, watch out forfaire bon accueilto welcomefaire cadeau des dà ©tailsto spare the detailsfaire de la peine quelquunto hurt someone (emotionally or morally)faire de la photographieto do photography as a hobbyfaire de lautostopto hitchhikefaire demi-tour (figurative)to make a U-turn; do an about-facefaire des bà ªtisesto get into mischief faire une bà ªtiseto do something stupid faire des chà ¢teaux en Espagneto build castles in the air faire des coursto give classes, lecturesfaire des à ©conomiesto save up; to save money; to economizefaire de son mieuxto do ones bestfaire des progrà ¨sto make progressfaire des projetsto make plansfaire du bricolageto do odd jobs; to  putter aroundfaire du lard (familiar)to sit around doing nothingfaire du sportto play sportsfaire du thà ©Ãƒ ¢treto be an actor; to do some actingfaire du violon, pianoto study violin, pianofaire dune pierre deux coupsto kill two birds with one stonefaire face to oppose; to face up tofaire fito scornfaire jour, nuitto be daytime; to be nighttimefaire la bà ªteto act like a foolfaire la bise, le bisouto kiss hellofaire la connaissance deto meet (for the first time)faire la cuisineto cookfaire la grasse matinà ©eto sleep in; to sleep latefaire la lessive; faire le lingeto do the laundryfaire la moue; faire la tà ªteto pout; to sulkfaire la queueto stand in line; to line upfaire la sourde oreilleto turn a deaf earfaire la tà ªteto sulkfaire la va isselleto do the dishesfaire là ©cole buissonnià ¨re  Ã‚  to be truant; to play hooky  from schoolfaire le jardinto do the gardeningfaire le litto make the bedfaire le marchà ©,  faire les achats  to do the shoppingfaire le mà ©nageto do houseworkfaire lenfantto act like a childfaire le pontto make it a long weekendfaire les bagages, faire les valisesto packfaire les carreauxto do the windowsfaire les coursesto run errands / to go shoppingfaire les quatre cents coupsto sow ones wild oats, get in trouble, lead a wild life   The list of French expressions with the irregular verb faire  continues.  faire le tour deto go / walk aroundfaire lEuropeto travel to / visit Europefaire lidiotto act the foolfaire le singeto act the foolfaire mal quelquunto hurt someonefaire part de quelque chose   quelquunto inform someone aboutfaire partie deto be a part offaire peau neuveto turn over a new leaffaire peur quelquunto frighten someonefaire plaisir quelquunto please someonefaire preuve deto display a quality / virtuefaire sa toiletteto get up and get dressed, to wash upfaire savoir quelque chose   quelquunto inform someone of somethingfaire semblant de faire quelque choseto pretend to do somethingfaire ses adieuxto say good-byefaire ses amitià ©s quelquunto give ones regards to someonefaire ses devoirsto do homeworkfaire ses à ©tudes to study atfaire son bacto study for the baccalaureatefaire son droitto study for a law degreefaire son litto make ones bedfaire son possibleto do ones bestfaire suivre (s es lettres)to forward (ones mail)faire toute une histoire de quelque choseto make a federal case of somethingfaire un beau coupleto make a nice couplefaire un cadeau quelquunto give someone a giftfaire un clin doeil to wink atfaire un coursto give class(es) / to lecturefaire un temps de Toussaintto have grey and gloomy weatherfaire une bà ªtiseto make a blunder; do something  stupidfaire une croix dessusto give up on / kiss something  goodbyefaire un demi-tourto do a U-turn, an about-turnfaire une drà ´le de tà ªteto make a strange / funny facefaire un fromage (de)to make a big stink / fuss (about)faire une fugueto run away from homefaire une gaffeto blunder, make a mistakefaire une malleto pack a trunkfaire une partie deto play a game offaire une promenadeto take a walkfaire une promenade en voiture  to take a ridefaire une questionto ask a questionfaire une rà ©clamationto make a complaintfaire une visiteto pay a visitfaire un tourto take a walkfaire un tour en voituret o take a ridefaire un voyageto take a tripfaire venir leau la boucheto make ones mouth water(click the numbers below to read the other pages of this lesson and learn more expressions with faire)Faire conjugations | All about faire Article Edited by  Camille Chevalier Karfis The French verb faire literally means to do or to make and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to build castles in the air, turn a deaf ear, act like a child, and more with this list of expressions with faire.Laccident a fait 5 victimes.Five people were killed in the accident.Aussità ´t dit, aussità ´t fait.No sooner said than done.Cela / Ça fait un an que...Its been a year since...Ça fait mon affaireThat suits me just fine, thats just what I needÇa lui fera du bien.That will do him / her some good.Ça me fait froid dans le dosThat gives me the shiversÇa ne fait rienThats OK, it doesnt matter.Ce film a fait un tabacThat movie was a hitCest bien fait pour toi  !It serves you right!Cest plus facile dire qu faire.Easier said than done.Cette pià ¨ce fait salle comble.This play draws a full house.Les chiens ne font pas des chatsThe apple doesnt fall far from the treeComment se fait-il ...?How come ...?Fais gaffe !Be careful! Watch out!Fais voirSh ow me, Let me seeFaites comme chez vous. Make yourself at home.Il fait encore des siennes.Hes up to his old tricks again.Il fait toujours bande part.He always keeps to himself.Il le fait contre-coeurHes doing it unwillingly(Il ny a) rien faire.Its hopeless, no use insistingIl te fait marcherHes pulling your leg.la goutte qui fait dà ©border le vasethe straw that broke the camels backUne hirondelle ne fait pas le printemps (proverb)One swallow doesnt make a summerOn a fait une nuit blanche.We pulled an all-nighter.Que faire  ?What is to be done? What can we do?Que faites-vous dans la vie  ?What do you do for a living?Quel mà ©tier faites-vous  ?What do you do for a living?Quel temps fait-il  ?Hows the weather?Quest-ce que cela peut bien te faire  ?What could that possibly matter to you?Quest-ce que jai fait avec mes gants  ?  Ã‚  What have I done with my gloves?Si cela ne vous fait rienIf you dont mind.Tu as fait un beau gà ¢chis  !Youve made a fine mess of it!Tu as fait courir ce bruit.You spread this rumor.(click the numbers below to read the other pages of this lesson and learn more expressions with faire)Faire conjugations | All about faire Article Edited by  Camille Chevalier Karfis The French verb se faire literally means to become and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to earn money, make friends, worry, and more with this list of expressions with se faire.se faire attributeto becomese faire infinitiveto have something done to / for oneselfse faire nounto make something for oneselfse faire 10 000 eurosto earn 10,000 eurosse faire quelque chose oseto get used to somethingse faire des amisto make friendsse faire des idà ©es, des illusionsto be fooling oneselfse faire du mauvais sangto worryse faire du souci / des soucisto worryse faire fort de infinitiveto be confident, claim that one can do somethingse faire malto hurt oneselfse faire passer pourto pass oneself off asse faire tout(e) petit(e)to try not to be noticed, make inconspicuousse faire une idà ©eto get some idease faire une montagne de quelque chose to exaggerate the importance of somethingse faire une raisonto resign oneself to somethingsen faireto worryCela / Ça ne se fai t pasThat isnt done, one doesnt do thatCela / Ça ne se fera pasThat wont happenComment se fait-il que subjunctiveHow is it that... / How does it happen that...Il sest fait tout seulHes a self-made manJe men fais. (familiar)Im worried.Je ne te le fais pas dire  !Im not putting words in your mouth!ne pas se le faire dire deux foisnot to have to be told twiceFaire conjugations | All about faire | Pronominal verbs Article Edited by  Camille Chevalier Karfis

Gun control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gun control - Essay Example It is easy to deem this as a trigger happy syndrome but the fact remains to be very volatile and fearful. The statistics that have been formulated in regard to continuations of violence and the sources of the violent behavior have become staggering. In November 1998 a Japanese student new in California was shot dead when he tried to find a specific address from a middle aged resident at the middle of the night due to miscommunication and language problem. (King, 317) Such examples are abundant and this is the reason it is necessary to look into the matter of gun control policy. Furthermore, experts amidst researchers and policymakers should managed considerable thought toward understanding how short and long term influences of abuse, including drugs, alcohol, and other substance abuse along with mental health stress. The understanding of immediate affects abuse would have, how it relates to voluntary behaviors. The main objective of the research would to develop a form of argumentative system that would be instrumental in helping out the policymakers and enable them to lead a normal logical conclusion on the subject of gun control policy and life within the main stream of the society. (Lamb, 37) 2. 2. For this purpose it is needed to formulate a policy or practice that would enable the government to determine a policy to put restriction on the guns. It s important to include population from different walks of life and interview them for their views on the subject opposing the policy unrestricted access to firearms. The formulation of this research would be based on the surveys taken on the various government officials, general population and adolescents whereby it would be ascertained about the amount of agreement on the topic of gun control in the United States. Alongside a large amount of data would be collected to determine the detrimental affects of free ownership of guns in the mass population without government restrictions. This would also be accompanied by data regarding firearms related crimes in the United States and United Kingdoms. United Kingdoms would be taken into consideration to evaluate the effects of government regulation of firearms and the firearms rela ted crime rates of the two nations would be compared. A memorandum prepared in this process would be a vital part of the proposal to eradicate the policy unrestricted access to firearms.It is believed that the adolescents suffering from victimization goes through a huge psychological defoliation therefore it is important to address this case and the ultimate affect when some of them get free access to firearms. The government officials would be taken into consideration, specifically security and law enforcement officials, because these are the section that could convey the actual result of free access to firearms. Lastly, the general population would be considered because they are the main sufferers and it is important to incorporate their individual and social views. The main memorandum backed by the amount of research would certainly prove to be helpful while influencing the policymakers of the US authority. It is obvious that the policy of presenting well researched memorandum is viable to expose risk of unrestricted acce

Western Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Western Civilization - Essay Example Despite it being the case conflict kept emerging but was taken a notch high during the medieval. At the time the world witnessed a conquest among nations while striving at dominance. Most lives were lost before peace realization. It latter emerged that they were unlikely to achieve much while fighting. During the struggle nations were ruled by monarchs, the kings prided themselves in strong armies made up of skilled men. The Roman Empire was perhaps one of the greatest kingdoms. Its influence span far and wide across the entire European continent, kings graced its reign but as a result of revolutionary ideologies among some and crave for power these among other factors led to its demise. While still a central power then Roman citizen had the advantage of carrying out their business without restriction, they however needed to pay their respect to the ruling elite while practicing the law in place (Kelly, Rees & Shuter, 61). The law was however discriminative and never favored all owin g to its tendency to limit freedom. This implied that failure to adhere to it had its own disadvantages. Penalties were also applicable yet they were too inhuman and may perhaps be the reason why some rebelled while striving at liberation. Everyone was however obliged to pay tax to the central government. The monarch government owned all existing resource; people were only tasked to take good care of it. The nobles thus manipulated the entire population during their reigned; on the flip side most of the population was simply taken through a harsh reality and could at times find it had to make a decent living. Power had thus been corrupted by selfish intend to cherish the elite at the expense of the larger population. While some kingdoms had a strong grip on their regions some become more ambitious and were keen on dominating a wider region. This was unlikely to come handy without strife. It only called for wars and counter acquisition owing to such regions being dominated by other k ingdoms. In order to achieve this objective it was important to hire more personnel to counter the enemy; some states had over 400,000 soldiers at the time but needed enough resource to actualize this dream (Rogers, DeVries & France, 174). Religion played a great role at the time; for instance the Roman catholic was perhaps one of the most prominent religions and has carried on till to date. Several values were championed by religion while trying to ensure people enhanced their spiritual aspect while worshiping their creator in obedience to his word. This was however distinct from the common law in practice but was perhaps well inscribed for all to obey. It too faced a lot of opposition with the emergence of other religions as fellow worshipers some of who were not pleased by practices being championed. One of the most dominant has been the raise of the protestant church. Some urged that this was a rebellious movement depicting the church in wrong light but may have been largely due to monotony in tradition by its predecessor yet it didn’t avail much while aiming at transforming man (Robinson & Leyla Rouhi., 25). Men were on the other hand so much oppressed and were in need of solutions to their ailing hearts. One of the most pressing issues was the concept of salvation which was never handled well in the past. During the medieval age people practiced absolutism; this refers to a situation where one was empowered to oversee leadership over a certain region. It was so common in the past and was perhaps the reason behind kingship. At the time democracy was never applied; people were however under the mercy of those in power. During ones reign one was likely to do it without necessarily putting a law in place to actualize his objective;

Are Cheaters and The 5th Wheel obscene television shows and should be Essay

Are Cheaters and The 5th Wheel obscene television shows and should be fined if not prohibited from airing - Essay Example With the sudden rise in popularity of reality television shows, many business moguls have ventured into this industry which has given American television channels a lot of shows to choose from; and many of these channels are showing shows which literally lack value either politically or scientifically. This paper aims to focus on television media, particularly looking into the reality television shows Cheaters and The 5th Wheel, and identify whether the shows are offensive, indecent, inappropriate, violent and meaningless. In so doing, this paper would also present a five-point plan on how to handle the violations that these shows have in the areas of language, script and over-all impact on the general viewing public. To be able to do this, a brief description of how the shows are done to have an idea what it is. The 5th Wheel is a reality television show about blind dating. Many viewers view it as an "augmented version" of the Blind Date. Only that in this show there will be four strangers, two of which are males and the other two are females, and they all would get together on a date to see who 'gels' well with whom. At the onset of the show, a guy and a girl will be partnered together to spend sometime to get to know each other. The same thing happens to the second couple. After which, the guys would exchange girls and try to spend sometime with the new girl. In the middle of this 'getting to know' each other stage, another girl (or guy) comes in to charm the guys away from the girls. Meaning, the guys now have three girls to choose from. This situation seems to be innocently normal, as all people experience blind dating and enjoy it. The only problem is that, the girls don't only wear super 'revealing clothes' (although some would dress up like a mummy) they would also end up kissing the guy 'intimately' on national television, plus the fact that the show has a 15-minute room where a guy and a girl comes in either to talk or get really intimate with each other. Kissing is a natural phenomenon and it is a beautiful thing; but kissing and petting on national television is another story. Cheaters is another reality television show about couples in which either the guy or the girl is cheating on the other. The set-up is like an investigation where in the cheating partner is tracked and videoed without his or her knowledge. Couples could either be seriously dating, divorced or married. We all know that this is a very private matter and doing your dirty laundry on national t.v. only sends one message - that nothing stays private and sacred anymore. After all the stalking and video recording, all information gathered are then shown to the 'crying victim of infidelity'; after which confrontation takes place, with all cast and crew: the couple, the third party, the host of the show and the camera men with the other crew members, not to mention the millions of viewers watching. During the confrontation, all obscenities are said as a result of anger and embarrassment. Just imagine how humiliating and embarrassing the situation is. The show is aired to encourage people to ren ew their temperance and virtue and it is also said that this show is dedicated to the faithful couples. Well, the goal is good but the effect is not. Marital or relationship problems such as this one happens everyday. Although it is not a good

Innovation and Regulation of Information and Communication Coursework

Innovation and Regulation of Information and Communication Technologies - Coursework Example However, the existing participants into the marketplace who are planning to offer a telephony or telephony supported VoIP product have confirmed that the present regulatory arrangements could not be convinced under the provisioning measures they have been capable to put into practice (Australian Communications Authority, 2004). In addition, the Voice over Internet Protocol services was also largely reached in approximately 57 nations, even the nations where there was no clear regulatory structure or licensing procedures for VoIP. Additionally, till mid-2009, the number of nations where Voice over Internet Protocol services were accepted had increased to two-thirds, with 92 nations allowed VoIP and more than 39 nations standing it. In the meantime, the number of nations where VoIP was not allowed or banned minimized from 80 in year 2004 to 49 in year 2009, or in relation to a quarter of the entire nations for which data exist. From this discussion it is clear that the greatest regulat ory challenge is to encourage the expansion of a marketplace for less costly VoIP services, as compared to the immediately leaving VoIP to build up of its own accord. Moreover, in several nations like Australia, the size of the Voice over Internet Protocol services marketplace is a main fear for the regulators that regularly monitors as well as publish marketplace data estimates (Biggs, 2011). This paper discusses various regulatory problems that are raised due to the growth of Voice over Internet Protocol services. In this research I will outline some of the major areas to make regulatory decisions that can affect the economic prospects of different kinds of service provider in the communications area. This paper will also present a discussion of the regulatory aims and strategies that could form the basis of possible decisions in this area. Regulatory framework This section presents the basic analysis of the regulatory framework for the Voice over Internet Protocol services. The r egulation of carriage services holds a broad variety of services as well as an STS is an explicit kind of carriage service. In this scenario, the Telecommunications Act 1997 offers a detailed description of the carriage service according to which it is a type of services for carrying out communication services using unguided or/and guided electromagnetic energy. Additionally, if the communication carriage services are provided in Australia then these services will be covered by this Act. According to which an individual or a firm offering a carriage service to somebody ‘beyond the instant circle’ of the supplier is acknowledged as a carriage service source. In addition, there exist a vast variety of laws and regulations which apply on different classifications of services such as carriage services and their suppliers as carriage service providers. However, there are some regulations which are applied to all the types of carriage services, comprising VoIP services, inclu de: (Australian Communications Authority, 2004) Telecommunications Numbering Plan 1997 must be followed Offer number associated information to the IPND (Integrated Public Number database) manager intended for directory use as well as to forward calls to the emergency operator Safety of the privacy of communications Offer an interception potential as well as an interception facility plan to the related agencies. Moreover, the commitment of carriage servic

Houston Baptist University Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Houston Baptist University - Essay Example The concept of organizational development is informed by the awareness of the impact of macro-economic forces on the performance, stability, and sustainability of the organization’s core processes (Anderson, 2012). The phenomena of globalization and the liberalization of the market economies have increased the necessity of organizations to undertake measures necessary to shield their internal systems and core processes from the disruptive nature of unregulated markets and adverse global economic forces. Organizational development is controlled by a range of factors that include the changing of the structures of the organization and the adoption of applications that effectively shield the organization from the negative consequences of the external environment (Kondalkar, 2009). In essence, it is possible to understand organizational development from the perspective of strategy and planning. The awareness of external threats requires the engaging of multiple strategies that minimize the impact of such forces on the stability and performance of the organization. Comparative analyses have shown that firms that embrace the concept of organizational development are more resilient in the wake of external challenges as compared to those that are less focused on the same (Kondalkar, 2009). Changes in technology have made it necessary for corporations and businesses to adopt policies of organizational development in order for them to prevail against the various forms of pressure and challenges emanating from the fluid nature of the markets. Executives use organizational development as a tool for harnessing the synergies within the work force and for establishing suitable environments for nurturing positive corporate values (Cheung-Judge & Holbeche, 2011). Usually, the approaches used in organizational development are consistent with various theories of organizational improvement such as total quality management.

Innovation and Regulation of Information and Communication Coursework

Innovation and Regulation of Information and Communication Technologies - Coursework Example However, the existing participants into the marketplace who are planning to offer a telephony or telephony supported VoIP product have confirmed that the present regulatory arrangements could not be convinced under the provisioning measures they have been capable to put into practice (Australian Communications Authority, 2004). In addition, the Voice over Internet Protocol services was also largely reached in approximately 57 nations, even the nations where there was no clear regulatory structure or licensing procedures for VoIP. Additionally, till mid-2009, the number of nations where Voice over Internet Protocol services were accepted had increased to two-thirds, with 92 nations allowed VoIP and more than 39 nations standing it. In the meantime, the number of nations where VoIP was not allowed or banned minimized from 80 in year 2004 to 49 in year 2009, or in relation to a quarter of the entire nations for which data exist. From this discussion it is clear that the greatest regulat ory challenge is to encourage the expansion of a marketplace for less costly VoIP services, as compared to the immediately leaving VoIP to build up of its own accord. Moreover, in several nations like Australia, the size of the Voice over Internet Protocol services marketplace is a main fear for the regulators that regularly monitors as well as publish marketplace data estimates (Biggs, 2011). This paper discusses various regulatory problems that are raised due to the growth of Voice over Internet Protocol services. In this research I will outline some of the major areas to make regulatory decisions that can affect the economic prospects of different kinds of service provider in the communications area. This paper will also present a discussion of the regulatory aims and strategies that could form the basis of possible decisions in this area. Regulatory framework This section presents the basic analysis of the regulatory framework for the Voice over Internet Protocol services. The r egulation of carriage services holds a broad variety of services as well as an STS is an explicit kind of carriage service. In this scenario, the Telecommunications Act 1997 offers a detailed description of the carriage service according to which it is a type of services for carrying out communication services using unguided or/and guided electromagnetic energy. Additionally, if the communication carriage services are provided in Australia then these services will be covered by this Act. According to which an individual or a firm offering a carriage service to somebody ‘beyond the instant circle’ of the supplier is acknowledged as a carriage service source. In addition, there exist a vast variety of laws and regulations which apply on different classifications of services such as carriage services and their suppliers as carriage service providers. However, there are some regulations which are applied to all the types of carriage services, comprising VoIP services, inclu de: (Australian Communications Authority, 2004) Telecommunications Numbering Plan 1997 must be followed Offer number associated information to the IPND (Integrated Public Number database) manager intended for directory use as well as to forward calls to the emergency operator Safety of the privacy of communications Offer an interception potential as well as an interception facility plan to the related agencies. Moreover, the commitment of carriage servic

Briefing note on philosophy article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Briefing note on philosophy article - Essay Example The concept of language ability isn’t realistically explainable in theory divorced from the full model of how the human function is organized. The full model of how the human function is organized is not realistic because we don’t have a clear picture of ourselves as a scientific definition. There are different ways of looking at a definition for natural kinds. In the scientific method, we’re searching for an understandable theory that explains who we are with the known design of the natural sciences. Natural theories focus more on the nature of the function and reasonable goals for that function as opposed to the actual achievement of function. Chomsky asserts that certain linguists postulate that when thinking of words, a picture associated with that word forms in the individual’s mind; however that doesn’t define the word as to meaning for that individual. He further asserts that language use is not able to be subjected to scientific definition or study, and neither can anything be learned from studying the functionality of the brain with regards to how it processes language concepts. Language use is thought to be part of our common sense understanding with a special place in helping to define human life and thought processes. Concrete objects are not subject to scientific theory, rather they have value dependent upon whatever value we give them. The scientific function of the mind acts to perform scientific theory similarly as the language function acts to acquire and use language; through sharpening the focus to enable complete understanding.

A Defense of Abortion Essay Example for Free

A Defense of Abortion Essay Thomson argues that in some though not all cases, women have a right to abortion due to property rights in regards to their body, and the undue burden against these rights that would be placed on women if they are to be made responsible for any and all pregnancies. Thomson uses a variety of sometimes strange analogies to make her point that even if we give in to the argument that a fetus is a person, and thus has a right to life, this right to life does not necessarily ensure a right to sustain that life by using another person’s property, in this case the mother’s body, against her will. Thomson first asks us to consider the following case. You wake up and find yourself in a hospital bed hooked up to a famous violinist. It is then explained to you that you’ve been kidnapped by the Society of Music Lovers because you happen to be the only person whose blood type is compatible with the violinist’s, who is suffering from a kidney disease, and will die unless you remain plugged into him for nine months. Keeping in mind that both you and the violinist are innocent parties, and that both you and the violinist will walk out of the hospital alive and unharmed when the nine months are up, are you morally obligated to remain connected to the violinist, who in the case of pregnancy would be the fetus? First we must consider the given analogy and its relativity to the primary scenario, being the morality of abortion. There are no other cases quite like pregnancy, where one’s ability to sustain life is directly dependent on the use of another’s body. This is why Thomson must create the violinist analogy. There are surely many similarities between the case of the violinist and the case of the fetus. As stated before, both parties, the fetus/violinist and the mother/donor are innocent. The cause of their connection is based on the actions of a third party, in this case the Society of Music Lovers. The fact that the donor was kidnapped presents a distinguishing factor, allowing the analogy to be applied in cases such as pregnancy because of rape, where it is clear that the mother did not consent in any way to becoming pregnant. There are also dissimilarities. The kidnapping itself has not traumatized the donor, while in the case of a young girl being raped and becoming pregnant, the rape itself is very traumatic. However, Thomson discounts this by saying that if those who oppose abortion based on the grounds that a person’s right to life is more important than a mother’s property right to her body, make an exception in the case of rape, they are saying that those who come into existence because of rape have less of a right to life than others, which sounds somehow wrong. Furthermore, many who oppose abortion on this ground do not make an exception for rape. Thus, the primary question remains, is it morally permissible to disconnect yourself from a person, even if doing so will kill them? Thomson then takes the violinist scenario a step further, asking us to imagine that it turns out that supporting the violinist is putting additional strain on you, and if you continue to remain plugged into him, you will die. Some would say that it is still impermissible, because unplugging yourself would be directly killing the innocent violinist which is murder, and always wrong. Thomson vehemently denies that you are obligated to sacrifice your own life in order to save the violinist, saying that in this case â€Å"if anything in the world is true, it is that you do not commit murder, you do not do what is impermissible, if you reach around to your back and unplug yourself from that violinist to save your life. † (Vaughn, 175) Many of Thomson’s other analogies deal with the concept of a woman’s property rights to her body making a case for abortion being permissible. She gives the analogy of a young boy being given a box of chocolates, and eating them before his envious brother. Of course the boy ought to share his chocolates with his brother, as most of us would agree. However, Thomson claims that if he doesn’t, he is simply being selfish and greedy, but not unjust. He is not unjust in denying his brother the chocolates simply because they were given to him, and thus are his property. If the box had been given to both of the brothers, it would be a different story. Distinguishing between what one ought to do and what one is morally obligated to do ties back to the violinist analogy. Even if the violinist only required use of your body for one hour, while you ought to allow him to use your body, as it requires little effort on your part, you are not unjust if you refuse. You are perhaps callous and selfish, yes, but not unjust. As Thomson states â€Å"Except in such cases as the unborn person has a right to demand it-and we were leaving open the possibility that there may be such cases-nobody is morally required to make large sacrifices, of health, of all other interests and concerns, of all other duties and commitments, for nine years, or even for nine months, in order to keep another person alive. (Vaughn, 181) The criticism I would make of this argument is that she does not specify in which cases the unborn person has a right to demand use of a mother’s body, only that they can occur. She does clearly state however, that having a right to life does not inherently give one the right to be given the use of or allowed continued use of another’s body, even if one needs it for life itself. (Vaughn, 178) Some who oppose abortion argue that because pregnancy is preventable, if one happens to become pregnant they must take responsibility, which gives the fetus special rights that a stranger, such as the violinist would not have. Thomson points out that this theory only gives a fetus a right to a mother’s body if the pregnancy resulted in a voluntary act, leaving out instances of rape. She uses the people-seed analogy to further discuss the implications of holding women responsible for all pregnancies. She asks us to imagine people as seeds, innocently drifting around the world, sometimes even into your home, getting stuck to furniture and carpets. To prevent this from happening to you, you put the best screens on your windows you can buy. As we all know, sometimes screens are defective, and a seed finds its way in and takes root, despite your preventative measures. Does that seed have a right to use your house to develop into a person? It is true that it could have been prevented from taking root if you lived your life in a house without furniture or carpeting, but this seems ridiculous. By the same token you could say that women who are raped have a responsibility to the fetus because rape could be prevented by never leaving home without a reliable army, or never leaving home at all. This is far too high of a burden to put on individuals. When evaluating these analogies and the argument Thomson uses them to make, certain questions arise. For example, if I am not morally obligated to give my property to someone who depends on it for survival, is it morally permissible to let someone starve to death because I refuse to share my food that I bought earlier from the grocery store? Given her analogies, such as the instance of the boy who refuses to share his chocolate, it would seem that Thomson would say that it is permissible to let someone die of starvation. After all, you are not morally obligated to share what is rightly yours. She would say you are selfish and greedy, like the little boy, but not unjust or immoral. However, letting an innocent person starve to death, when doing something as little as giving them some of our food, does not sit well with the average person. This is where Thomson’s concept of the Good Samaritan vs. the minimally decent Samaritan comes into play. In the biblical story, the Good Samaritan saw a man dying in the road, abandoned by others who passed. He cleaned the dying man’s wounds and took him to an inn, paying for his stay. He went out of his way to help someone in need, at some cost to himself. Thomson illustrates the other extreme by using the case of Kitty Genovese, who was murdered while thirty-eight people stood by and did nothing to help. In this case the Good Samaritan would have rushed to her aid, putting his own life on the line in order to save a stranger’s. While Thomson seems to say that this is too much to ask of people, and they are not morally required to risk their own life to save another’s, she does say that the Minimally Decent Samaritan would have at least called the police. Because no one even called the police, they are not even minimally decent Samaritans, and their actions are monstrous. While the Good Samaritan gives aid they are not obligated to give, the Minimally Decent Samaritan fulfills their minimal obligations. Just as watching a person be murdered and doing absolutely nothing to help is falling below the standard of minimally decent Samaritan, I would have to believe that watching a person starve and doing nothing to help is also monstrous. After all, using Thomson’s analogies we could say that the people who watched Kitty Genovese get murdered ought to have used their cell phones to call the police at the very least, but being that their cell phones are their property, they can use them as they wish, and are not morally obligated to use them to save a life, even if the cost it would bring to them seems extremely insignificant. Thomson seems to distinguish between situations such as letting someone starve to death because you refuse to share your food, or letting someone be murdered because you refuse to use your phone, and aborting a fetus. She claims that many laws prohibiting abortion compel women to be Good Samaritans (Vaughn, 181) as opposed to minimally decent. This claim suggests that she believes that harboring a fetus is an act of a Good Samaritan, not a minimally decent one. Furthermore, by calling the people who watched Kitty Genovese die â€Å"monstrous† it suggests that she does in fact believe that watching a person die and doing nothing to help is immoral. By these tokens, it seems that she would in fact view letting another starve as immoral, suggesting that her argument of property rights is inconsistent. Thomson somewhat accounts for these inconsistencies in her closing argument, simply by conceding that the analogies she uses are not fool proof or meant to be applied to all cases. She states â€Å"while I do not argue that abortion is not impermissible, I do not argue that it is always permissible. There may well be cases in which carrying the child to term requires only minimally decent Samaritanism of the mother, and this is a standard we must not fall below. † (Vaughn 182) For example, she believes it would be immoral for a woman to abort her child late in the pregnancy because she had a vacation planned. By asserting that her analogies and arguments are not meant to make an absolute case for or against abortion, they do in fact only help her to prove her somewhat tentative point that women do have a right to abortion, in some though not all cases, because of property rights and the undue burden against these rights that would be placed on women if forced to carry all pregnancies to term.

Defining And Analysing Groupwork Social Work Essay

Defining And Analysing Groupwork Social Work Essay Groups may be defined in many ways, indeed providing an absolute definition of a group, as with much of the theory around group work, is highly problematic and contestable. However for the purposes of discussing groupwork within a context of working with young people we may define a group as a small gathering of young people. Group work may simplistically be described as the study and application of the processes and outcomes experienced when a small group comes together. Konopka (1963) defines groupwork as a method of social work that is utilised in order to `help individuals to enhance their social functioning through purposeful group experiences, and to cope more effectively with their personal, group or community problems`. This definition shows a tradition within groupwork of helping individuals with problems. Brown provides a modernised and more comprehensive definition of group work (1994, p.8). He states that `groupwork provides a context in which individuals help each other; it is a method of helping groups as well as helping individuals; and it can enable individuals and groups to influenceand changepersonal, group, organisational and community problems` (original emphasis). He goes on to distinguish between `relatively small and neighbourhood centred` work and `macro, societal and political approaches` within community work, explaining that only the former may be properly classified as groupwork. Thus the role of groupwork can be seen as one which places emphasis on sharing of thoughts, ideas, problems and activities. Roles within Groups Each individual within a group has a role to play in the development of that group to a greater or lesser extent. Through observation, understanding of difference, awareness of personal resourcesand effective communication(Douglas, 1995), each member may affect group processes and individual emotions. Roles develop within groups both through formal appointment and because of the personal characteristics and interpersonal relationships that develop between members. Roles which develop can be constructive and support the group and its members in achieving its goals, or can be destructive and work against the overall group aims. Individuals within the group can develop several roles and at times these may conflict. For example a PTV member who was designated as leaderfor a specific task, also played a clownand was fond of practical jokes. The fooling around led to a lack of trust from other group members creating a conflict with the leadership role. As the group begins to develop an understanding of four things can be observed: Observation: the way we behave is based upon what we observe of ourselves, and what we make of others and their reactions to us. Differences: personally and socially generated; the effects they have on behaviour and understanding. Resources: frequently stemming from difference but are the source of potential power for a group and an individual. Communication: considered to be natural but subject to many barriers that remain largely unknown unless a conscious effort is made to find them: (Douglas, 1995, p. 80-97)   Through supportive roles, groups may play a part in reducing oppression generated externally to the group. Groupwork can be used as a medium for oppressed groups to `help these groups adjust in society`, and moreover to help society to adjust towards these groups. This can be achieved by `individual rehabilitation` in which we can `help individuals to adjust to social life and manage à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ tension à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ gain confidence, high self esteem`, and in `getting and keeping employment etc.`. `Societal or community rehabilitation` involves `helping the society to have meaningful contact` with individuals and groups which are discriminated against and oppressed (Osei-Hwedie, Mwansa, and Mufune, 1990, p. 188). Preston-Shoot describes groupwork creating a `sense of belonging and mutual identity` encouraging `the formation of relationships which foster mutual identification and influence`, thus feelings of isolation and singularity with issues of difference and oppression may be reduced. Also, the group may be encouraged to use its internal resources to move towards individual or group `problem-resolution`, reducing feelings of helplessness, building self worth, and discouraging worker dependency (Preston-Shoot, 1987, p. 6-28). Smith concurs with this view of the suitability of groupwork, stating `Groups are obvious sites of interaction and within them a sense of connectedness or community with others can be fostered` (Smith, 1994, p.111). This `connectedness` is a valuable tool with which to challenge discrimination and oppression, for as Piven and Cloward argue, it is only when we act collectively that change can begin (Piven and Cloward, 1993). Conclusion: Group Work Double Edged Sword? To state that group work is not an exact science is something of an understatement. As we have seen, it is problematic to even define what is meant by a group as no absolute definition exists. Similarly most, if not all, concepts within group work theory can be, and are, contested. Groups are extremely important in the lives of all individuals. Johnson and Johnson (1975, p1-2) state `many of our goals can be achieved only with the cooperation and coordination of others`. However `the success of any group depends on the ability of its members to exchange ideas freely and to feel involved in the life and decisions of the group` (Massallay, 1990). All groups within youth work have goals, i.e. a future state of affairs. It is important that short term and long term goals are set realistically if the group is to develop and function effectively. These functions are achieved through the direction of leadership and the development of individual roles within each group. A group is said to be successful if it: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   accomplishes group tasks 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   maintains the group internally, and; 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   develops and adapts to improve effectiveness. (Massallay, 1990) Groupwork can be used as an effective tool for many youth work situations, not least of which is as a medium for challenging oppression both within groups and individuals. Thus, we have seen the emergence and development of girls issue groups and black young peoples projects that offer mutual support as well as working to challenge oppression. Yet we have seen that through the development stages of a groups life there are many opportunities for individuals to develop and focus oppressive behaviour internally within a group. A grasp of theoretical understanding of group behaviour and functioning can help to explain individual and group behaviour, and help us to achieve our ultimate aim as youth workers, that of informal education. It is important not to treat group work as an exact science with definitive answers. Indeed many of the questionswe must ask ourselves are unclear, thus the answersare a best guess, or a benchmark that we can develop on and work around. Finally, let us consider briefly the historical context of group work development and the purpose it has not only within youth work, but society at large. As Taylor reminds us `A moments reflection shows that the social groupwork beloved of liberalism is the product of the American capitalist concern to develop more sophisticated management techniques` (Taylor, 1987, p. 140). Let us be careful to use group work to promote democracy and not fall into the trap of using group work as yet another tool for promoting social control in a capitalistic state.  © Student Youth Work Online 1999-2001 Please always reference the author of this page. References Recommended Reading Adair, J. (1988) Effective LeadershipLondon: Pan Barker, L. L., Cegala, D. J., Kibler, R. J. and Wahlers, K. J. Groups In ProcessNew Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall Bond, T. (1986) Games for Social and Life SkillsLondon: Hutchinson Brandes, D. and Phillips, H (1977) Gamesters HandbookGreat Britain: Stanley Thornes Brown, A. (1994) Groupwork 3rdEditionGreat Yarmouth: Ashgate Publishing Dearling, A. and Armstrong, H. (1994) The New Youth Games BookGreat Britain: Russell House Publishing Douglas, T. (1983) Groups: Understanding People Gathered TogetherLondon: Routledge Douglas, T. (1995) Survival In Groups: The Basics of Group MembershipBuckingham: Open University Press Dynes, R. (1990) Creative Games in GroupworkGreat Britain: Winslow Press Garland, J. Jones, H. and Kolody, R. (1968) `A model for stages of development in social workgroups` in Bernstein, S. (Ed.) Explorations in GroupworkBoston: Boston University School of Social Work Heap, K. (1977) Group Theory for Social WorkersGreat Britain: Pergamon Press Konopka, G. (1963) Social Group Work : a Helping Process Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice Hall Leech, N. and Wooster, A. D. (1986)Personal and Social Skills A Practical Approach for the ClassroomGreat Britain: RMEP Massallay, J. L. (1990) `Methods, Techniques and Skills of Youth and Community Work: Community Action and Group Work` Chapter 4. In Osei-Hwedie, K., Mwansa, L-K. and Mufune, P. (Eds.) Youth and Community Work PracticeZambia: Mission Press Osei-Hwedie, K., Mwansa, L-K. and Mufune, P. (1990) Youth and Community Work Practice: Methods, Techniques and SkillsZambia: Mission Press Piven, F. F. and Cloward, R. A. (1993) Regulating the Poor : The Functions of Public Welfare USA: Vintage Books Preston-Shoot, M. (1987) Effective GroupworkHampshire: Macmillan Rogers, C. R. (1967) `The process of basic encounter group` In Bugental, J. F. T. (Ed.) TheChallenges of Human PsychologyNew York: McGraw-Hill Sessoms, H. Massachusetts, D. and Stevenson, J. L. (1981) Leadership and Group Dynamics in Recreation ServicesUSA: Allyn and Bacon Smith, M. K. (1994) Local Education: Community, Conversation, PraxisGreat Britain: Open University Press Taylor, T. (1987) `Youth Workers as Character Builders` Chapter 9. In Jeffs, T and Smith, M. (Eds.) Youth WorkBasingstoke: MacMillan Tuckman, B. W. (1965) `Developmental Sequences in Small Groups` in Psychological BulletinNo. 63 p. 384-399 http://youthworkcentral.tripod.com/sean3.htm

Epic of Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

I have just completed the reading of Beowulf, which was translated by Burton Raffel. 1) Beowulf is an extremely exciting and fascinating story about a character who lived in medieval Europe. The shocking thing for me about this work was to find out that it is the earliest poem in a modern European language. Beowulf is to the English what Homer and the Odyssey were to the Greeks. Although this is the earliest poem, it is still fun and exciting to read. I didn't believe that a poem which has been around for more than twelve centuries, could keep my interest. I was wrong. The book is filled with more blood and guts then the average summer horror flick. After the battle with Grendel, the monster which has been ravaging the Danish countryside and killing countless men, Beowulf makes sure that all people know that he had injured the great monster. It is translated that, "...no Dane doubted the victory, for the proof, hanging high from the rafters where Beowulf had hung it, was the monster's arm, claw and shoulder and all" (Raffel, 49). It was the shocking use of detail and exciting battles that was left with me when I finished the book. I guess all books, regardless of their age can still be fun and entertaining to read. 2) Good literature has a very precise definition for me. I judge a piece of literature on three different criteria, 1) does it have memorable characters, 2) does the work take me to a place and let me experience things that I have never experienced before, and 3) will the work stay with me long after I have completed reading it. This is the criteria on which I judge a book and according to this, I believe that Beowulf should be considered "good" literature. I always ask myself, when I am done reading a book, did the book have memorable characters. In Beowulf, the characters were memorable. A minor character in the book, the king of the Danes, named Hrothgar, is a character who sticks out greatly in my mind. Hrothgar was a king of the Danes and built for them a huge mead hall in which men were able to eat drink and be merry. It was then that the great monster, Grendel, came and destroyed the utopia which was Herot by eating and feasting on the Danish warriors. Hrothgar sticks out in my mind because I could envision him, in the time before Beowulf came to the Danes, in anger and despair over this monster that wouldn't stop killing his soldiers and friends.

Psychology - Life With (or Without) Father Essay -- essays research pa

What was the purpose of this study? This study had three purposes. The first purpose of this study was to better understand the effects of fathers’ antisocial behaviors have on their children while differentiating between those fathers who have very antisocial behavior with those that have very little. The second purpose was the find out if the effects of a father’s being in his child’s life was the same in every family. The third purpose in this study was to find out whether the children of antisocial fathers were going to develop behavioral problems from both genetic and environmental risks. What hypothesis or hypotheses did the authors test in this study? The author’s felt the father’s antisocial behavior would affect the results in whether the father was present or not. For example, if a father is only a little antisocial and he spends very little time living with his children his children could have a lot of behavior problems. However, if the father is very antisocial and he lives with his children his children can also develop a lot of behavior problems. Even though logically it seems that having a father living with the child would be beneficial for the child if the child observes that his father has antisocial behaviors it can create unwanted problems. Those conducting this study hypothesized that the most extreme cases of behavior problems would be found could they pass on traits that would cause antisocial behaviors genetically but the constant observing of their father’s misbehaving could create environmental factors as well. What was the prior research that motivated these hypotheses? Briefly describe the studies that have been done in the past that cause the authors to propose these hypotheses. There has been research done that children who have been raised with both parents living with them behave better than those children who live with only one parent. A theory stemming from evolutionary psychology indicated that men’s promiscuous sexual behavior lessoned their drive to stick with their family and hence the reason why there are a lot more single mothers than fathers. This caused some lawmakers and researchers to realize that perhaps the absence of a father in his child’s life could create problems with the child both academically and behaviorally. There are several reasons why a father’s absence can be detrimental to the child su... ... the effects that antisocial behavior of fathers have on their children’s own behavior and this can help them better understand the family unit and allows the lawmakers to make adjustments to the law regarding encouraging those on welfare to marry. By understanding the entire picture, the lawmakers are able to convince single parents to abide to laws that are made. What implications do these findings have for parenting practices? The findings can help better parents understand the reasons why their child is misbehaving and how to limit their chances of becoming severe cases. Also the results of this study questions the benefits and disadvantages to the institution of marriage. Marriage can benefit a child if the father has low or average degrees of antisocial behavior and the higher he has and the more time he lives with the child the more damaging it could be for the child. Basically, this study gives us more insight on the effects of not only the presence of the father or lack of, but the degrees of antisocial behavior expressed by him and the interplay of the two. Genetics and environment work together to determine the development of behavioral problems within a child’s life.

Womens Menopause And Perimenopause Symptoms Health And Social Care Essay

â€Å" Most people would see the old stage â€Å" alteration of life † a euphemism for the medical term â€Å" climacteric † , but I, who am now traveling through the alteration, get down to inquire if it is n't the other manner unit of ammunition. â€Å" Change of life † is excessively blunt a phrase, excessively factual. â€Å" Menopause † , with its chime-suggestion of mere intermission after which things go on as before, is reassuringly fiddling. † – Ursula K. Le Guin â€Å" The Space Crone, † Dancing at the Edge of the World [ 1 ] Menopause is a foreordained phase of life for every individual adult female, characterised by the surcease of ovarian map and monthly period. [ 6 ] It is defined as the stoping of a adult females catamenial period and it is further affirmed when there has been no catamenial period for 12 back-to-back months and no other causes can be identified. Fertility comes to an terminal at this point. Less estrogen and Lipo-Lutin are produced by the ovaries and this consequences in climacteric. [ 13 ] Menopause has to travel through by all adult females, by and large between the ages of 40 and 55. [ 14 ] There is more frequently than non a passage period called perimenopause that lasts for a few old ages. During that minute, climacteric occurs due to hormonal alterations, including low Lipo-Lutin degrees and fluctuating oestrogen degrees, taking to many symptoms such as 1.jpg Decreased sex thrust. Changes in period. Hot flashes. Dryness of vagina. Night workout suits. Mood swings. Insomnia. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Figure 1. Symptoms of Menopause [ 21 ] ( 242 words ) Furthermore, there are a few effects of hormonal alterations on the organic structure ‘s organ system, particularly the skeletal system and cardiovascular system. [ 7 ] In due class, in short supply of estrogen will ensue an impact on wellness. Long term complication associated with oestrogen diminution may include Osteoporosis Heart disease [ 13 ] [ 14 ] So, what are the current available interventions to assist better the immediate and long-run effects of climacteric? [ 7 ] Figure 2. Frequency of menopausal symptoms as assessed by the Menopausal Rating harmonizing to menopausal position. [ 8 ] ( 323 words )A Possible SolutionHormone Replacement TherapyHormone replacing therapy ( HRT ) is a conventional medical specialty ‘s chief intervention for menopausal symptoms & A ; job. Edginess caused by decrease of go arounding oestrogen and Lipo-Lutin endocrines could be prevented by this intervention. [ 15 ] The aim of endocrine therapy is to cover with the symptoms by utilizing the smallest measure that is efficient, for the shortest period possible. [ 2 ] Oestrogens and Lipo-Lutin are the major type of endocrines used to hike endocrine degrees. [ 15 ] Hormone replacing therapy plays the function in supplying the organic structure with either oestrogen entirely or oestrogen and Lipo-Lutin in combination during climacteric. [ 18 ] These endocrines are usually produced by the ovaries. When the ovaries no longer fabricate sufficient sums of endocrines ( as in climacteric ) , the organic structure is supplemented with equal degrees of oestrogen and Lipo-Lutin by HRT. [ 18 ]Why is Oestrogen indispensable for the organic structure?Oestrogen and Lipo-Lutin jointly contribute in the thickener of the liner of uterus fixing it for the nidation of fertilised egg. [ 18 ] Calcium in castanetss is retained and balance of cholesterin is regulated by estrogen. It helps maintain tegument healthy by replacing dead cells and keep collagen construction. [ 3 ] In the passage stage of climacteric, oestrogen degree faces fluctuations until the ovaries shut down wholly. [ 3 ] This will follow by the happening of climacteric symptoms such as hot flashes an d medical status such as osteoporosis. [ 3 ] ( 543 words )Why is Progesterone necessary for the organic structure?Progesterone is normally used together with oestrogen in adult females who still have uterus. [ 18 ] If estrogen is taken without Lipo-Lutin, there is an addition hazard for the adult females in developing endometrial malignant neoplastic disease. During generative old ages, during menses endometrial cells are shed. When the endometrium no longer shed, estrogen will do an giantism of cells in the womb and this can take to malignant neoplastic disease. [ 18 ] In this instance, Lipo-Lutin will do the endometrium shed and reduces the hazard of endometrial malignant neoplastic disease. Womans who had undergone hysterectomy do non necessitate to take Lipo-Lutin. [ 18 ]Oestrogen TherapyOestrogen is administered entirely. It may be given in five ways which are unwritten pills, intramuscular injections, transdermic spots, hypodermic pellets or vaginal endocrine pick. [ 19 ] Generally, low dosage of oestrogen is prescribed t o be taken as pills or spots daily. In order to alleviate climacteric symptoms and to forestall osteoporosis, lowest possible dosage of oestrogen needed is taken. [ 18 ] Oestrogen therapy has been used for hot flowers since the 1950s ; its effectivity has been late reassessed and confirmed. The Cochrane reappraisal calculated a 75 % decrease in the frequence of hot flashes and a important lessening in symptoms badness. [ 9 ]Progesterone-Oestrogen Therapy( 822 words ) Besides known as combined therapy, this method combines doses of oestrogen and Lipo-Lutin. [ 18 ] Progesterone normally taken in the signifier of pills, vaginal picks and suppositories, injections every bit good as in a base of oil. Progesterone is typically given by oral cavity in a assortment of combinations with estrogen. Injectable Lipo-Lutin and suppositories are available but unpopular. [ 20 ] Recent recommendation suggests that the lowest dosage of endocrine therapy is taken for the shortest clip possible and it is re-evaluated yearly. [ 18 ] Figure 3. The per centum of doctors who ranked the benefits of HRT as â€Å" really high † in relation to assorted wellness concerns. [ 10 ] The tabular array shows that the benefits of HRT are extremely recognised in relation to menopausal symptoms relief and osteoporosis by a big figure of doctors. ( 868 words )Social & A ; Economic DeductionsMost of the adult females who are undergoing the phase of climacteric suffer from temper swings & A ; some even depression. Harmonizing to surveies, adult females who experience depression and have a history of depression before have a higher opportunity of enduring from depression during perimenopause. Many of the employees who are enduring from depression due to menopause brush jobs during work clip. Some of them see backdown from co-workers, are discouraged from taking undertakings, are passed over from publicity and may even be the object of snide or sarcastic remarks. They contribute low productiveness due to their deficiency of public presentation. Therefore, ensue an impact on the economic. Besides, those who suffer from depression besides become anti-social and sometimes they tend to be self-destructive. [ 17 ] Personally, I strongly urge the household of the patients should supply full support and assist them to accommodate to the ir new life styles. Menopause can put off the feelings of sorrow and episodes of depression in a figure of adult females. It is though that someplace in between 8 % and 15 % of menopausal adult females see some signifier of depression. [ 22 ] In perimenopause, the organic structure of a adult female produces less oestrogen, doing her more susceptible to wellness hazards like bosom disease, osteoporosis and malignant neoplastic disease. Patients who are diagnosed with these diseases require immense sum of money in order to acquire intervention and hospitalization. This consequences in immense fiscal load and economic impact. On top of that, interventions such as bosom graft and chemotherapy which are effectual in bring arounding the diseases are really dearly-won. In this instance, I feel that authorities should help those who are unaffordable by supplying subsidy or possibly a fund should be set up merely to assist those destitute 1s. Harmonizing to Treatment Abroad Price Watch Survey, in UK, the cost of coronary angioplasty scopes around ?8500 while in US, the cost ranges about $ 14875. [ 23 ] ( 1177 words )Benefits & A ; RisksHRT provides adult females a assortment of dependable and solid wellness benefits, in footings of the moderation of menopausal symptoms and in the bar of some terrible wellness dainties that caused by the loss of endocrine in the organic structure. It is proven that HRT helps in keeping bone wellness and forestalling osteoporosis. Surveies confirm that the hazard of hip break is reduced by 11 per centum for the adult females who use oestrogen and progestogen HRT compounds for each twelvemonth of HRT interventions. Besides, HRT is the most effectual method for alleviating hot flashes, vaginal waterlessness and other uncomfortable menopausal symptoms. Most surveies show that the hazard of colorectal malignant neoplastic disease is besides reduced by oestrogen. [ 4 ] After a average followup of 5.2 old ages, the Women ‘s Health Initiative ( WHI ) research workers reported important decreases in hip ( 34 % ) , vertebral ( 34 % ) and entire breaks ( 24 % ) in those who had undergone HRT. [ 11 ] On the other manus, there ‘s besides hazard of acquiring the side effects of it. The combined therapy of utilizing oestrogen and progestogen consequences in a greater hazard of developing the adverse consequence which includes malignant neoplastic diseases and cardiovascular diseases. However, it can be prevented by merely obtaining oestrogen in the signifier of HRT. This will in bend lessening the hazard of developing the side effects. Furthermore, adult females who are under the intervention of HRT face greater hazard for developing chest malignant neoplastic disease. It is found that adult females who were on the long-run HRT have 26 % more invasive chest malignant neoplastic disease among them compare to those who were non holding HRT. Furthermore, the development of blood coagulums in venas can be trigger by HRT. Harmonizing to the survey of Women ‘s Health Initiative, adult females who were holding HRT had dual the figure of blood coagulums as the adult females who were non taking HRT. [ 16 ] ( 1471 words ) 234.jpg Figure 4. Number of instances of different results due to combined therapy and oestrogen therapy entirely. [ 24 ] It is shown that the combined therapy generates a greater hazard of developing the inauspicious effects of undergoing endocrine replacing therapy. Personally, I feel that HRT remains the most effectual therapy although it may trip side effects. Therefore, adult females who had HRT should be monitored on a regular basis in order to extinguish any unwanted inauspicious effects every bit early as possible before it ‘s excessively late. ( 1549 words ) Figure 5. Accumulative jeopardies for selected clinical results. [ 9 ] The combined therapy decreases the hazards of developing colorectal malignant neoplastic disease and hip break but in bend increases the hazards of developing coronary bosom disease, shot, pneumonic intercalation and chest malignant neoplastic disease. ( 1587 words )Alternate SolutionsHerbs & A ; Other Supplements [ 5 ]Harmonizing to Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act ( DSHEA ) of 1994, dietetic addendums provide substances like vitamins, minerals, nutrients, botanicals, amino acids which serve as addendum to the usual consumption of these substances. Herbal redresss have been one of the subset of larger group of nutritionary addendums. For centuries, herbs have been used widely to contend the symptoms of climacteric. In fact, it is the lone method used before the arising of wellness engineering. [ 5 ] Since pharmaceutical scientific discipline has develops over the past few decennaries, it has been understood the benefits of supplementing healthy diets with nutritionary substances such as vitamin and mineral. Nowadays, most of the adult females consume assorted types of vitamin, herb or nutritionary addendums at certain clip. Furthermore, adult females are advised by most of the wellness attention professionals to take up healthy diet with nutritionary addendums as they come near to menopause. Majority of adult females opt for workss and herb infusions and addendums to battle the symptoms of climacteric and to antagonize the physical alterations of organic structure due to cut down oestrogen and natural aging procedure. [ 5 ] ( 1773 words ) 3309.jpg vitaminsandstroke.jpg Figure 6. Herbal Supplements. [ 27 ] Figure 7. Vitamin and Mineral Supplements. [ 25 ] Figure 8. Herbal redresss used in direction of climacteric. [ 12 ] ( 1782 words )Curative Programs [ 5 ]Curative plans have been one of the most effectual interventions used for handling some of the symptoms of climacteric. Below are some of the curative plans that found to be utile in intervention symptoms of climacteric: Acupuncture is a traditional antediluvian Chinese therapy that involves rotary motion of all right acerate leafs until they enter the tegument at peculiar points on the organic structure. Surveies of North American Menopause ( NAMS ) province that there ‘s a important lessening in hot flashes, enduring for up to three months by those who were treated with stylostixis. Besides, it is besides shown that stylostixis decreases dark workout suits and anxiousness in menopausal adult females. Harmonizing to The National Institute of Health Consensus Development Panel on Acupuncture, illnesses like concern, fibromyalgia, degenerative arthritis and spasms ( conditions faced by adult females in climacteric ) can be treated by stylostixis. [ 5 ] Cognitive therapy which is a signifier of talk therapy used on helping the patients to understand the nexus between the forms of negative though and depression. Patients are taught to interrupt destructive thought forms that lead to depression and anxiousness by replacing negative ideas with positive 1s. [ 5 ] In my sentiment, adult females who are undergoing menopausal phases should be encouraged to take up herbal addendums and curative therapy which are both natural traditional methods in covering with climacteric before sing HRT which involved chemical-based synthesised medical specialty. In this instance, HRT may be the most efficient solution but at the same clip it may convey about assorted inauspicious effects. ( 2027 words ) acupuncture_500.jpg Figure 9. Acupuncture [ 28 ] cognitive therapy.jpg e-t-b.gif Figure 11. Three interconnected constituents in which cognitive therapy focal point on. [ 30 ] Figure 10. Cognitive Therapy. [ 29 ]Evaluationâ€Å" Research on the Menopause in the 1990s † has been one of the best beginnings I had found. It is from WHO which is the directing and organizing authorization for wellness within the United Nations system. It plays a function in supplying counsel on planetary wellness affairs, finding the wellness research docket, puting norms and criterions, jointing evidence-based policy options, offering proficient support to states, oversing and measuring wellness tendencies. The study gives an overview and includes an all rounded facets sing climacteric. It is a study by WHO so the information provided should be dependable unless it has out of day of the month since it is published in 1996. As WHO is the universe chief wellness organisation, personally I feel that all the information published is precise as they had undergone phases of treatment and confirmation before being published. Besides, I besides found that the beginning hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nichd.nih.gov/ to be really utile in supplying information, support, articles, research and instruction related on climacteric. It is the chief web site for â€Å" THE NATIONAL INSTUTUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT † which ab initio established to look into the wide facets of human development as a agency of understanding developmental disabilities.A At present, the organisation carry out researches on all stages of human development, from prepossession to a better understand on the wellness of kids, households, and communities. Information from this beginning should be legitimate as similar inside informations are besides found in other beginnings. The beginning is utile but it is non in deepness. Besides, it merely provides general information about climacteric, non a item one. ( 2286 words )